CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 78Pharmacovigilance and Adverse Drug ReactionsPharmacology and Obesity TreatmentDiabetes Treatment and Management

Is There a Risk for Semaglutide Misuse? Focus on the Food and Drug Administration’s FDA Adverse Events Reporting System (FAERS) Pharmacovigilance Dataset

Open access
Chiappini, Stefania, Vickers-Smith, Rachel, Harris, Daniel, Papanti Pelletier, G. Duccio, Corkery, John Martin, Guirguis, Amira, Martinotti, Giovanni, Sensi, Stefano L. +1 more·2023·Pharmaceuticals
DOI 10.3390/ph16070994PMC PMC10384093
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

Recent media reports commented about a possible issue of the misuse of antidiabetics related to molecules promoted as a weight-loss treatment in non-obese people. We evaluated here available pharmacovigilance misuse/abuse signals related to semaglutide, a glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analogue, in comparison to other GLP-1 receptor agonists (albiglutide, dulaglutide, exenatide, liraglutide, lixisenatide, and tirzepatide) and the phentermine–topiramate combination. To acheieve that aim, we analyzed the Food and Drug Administration’s FDA Adverse Events Reporting System (FAERS) dataset, performing a descriptive analysis of adverse event reports (AERs) and calculating related pharmacovigilance measures, including the reporting odds ratio (ROR) and the proportional reporting ratio (PRR). During January 2018–December 2022, a total of 31,542 AERs involving the selected molecules were submitted to FAERS; most involved dulaglutide (n = 11,858; 37.6%) and semaglutide (n = 8249; 26.1%). In comparing semaglutide vs. the remaining molecules, the respective PRR values of the AERs ‘drug abuse’, ‘drug withdrawal syndrome’, ‘prescription drug used without a prescription’, and ‘intentional product use issue’ were 4.05, 4.05, 3.60, and 1.80 (all < 0.01). The same comparisons of semaglutide vs. the phentermine–topiramate combination were not associated with any significant differences. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study documenting the misuse/abuse potential of semaglutide in comparison with other GLP1 analogues and the phentermine–topiramate combination. The current findings will need to be confirmed by further empirical investigations to fully understand the safety profile of those molecules.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.3390/ph16070994

Cites

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

No citation lists for this paper

No citation lists for this paper yet — checked again daily.

References 79 · Cited by 78

Research works printed but not linked: 67

  1. [1]Gettman L. New Drug: Tirzepatide (Mounjaro(™)) Sr. Care Pharm. 2023 38 50 62 10.4140/TCP.n.2023.50 36751934 · DOI
  2. [2]Rendell M.S. Obesity and diabetes: The final frontier Expert Rev. Endocrinol. Metab. 2023 18 81 94 10.1080/17446651.2023.2168643 36710450 · DOI
  3. [3]Novograd J. Mullally J.A. Frishman W.H. Tirzepatide for Weight Loss: Can Medical Therapy “Outweigh” Bariatric Surgery? Cardiol. Rev. 2023 10.1097/CRD.0000000000000515 36688833 · DOI
  4. [4]Slahor L. CME: Metformin–Dos and Don’ts Praxis 2021 110 939 945 10.1024/1661-8157/a003774 34875861 · DOI
  5. [5]Haddad F. Dokmak G. Bader M. Karaman R. A Comprehensive Review on Weight Loss Associated with Anti-Diabetic Medications Life 2023 13 1012 10.3390/life13041012 37109541 PMC10144237 · DOI
  6. [6]Azuri J. Hammerman A. Aboalhasan E. Sluckis B. Arbel R. Tirzepatide versus emaglutide for weight loss in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A value for money analysis Diabetes Obes. Metab. 2023 25 961 964 10.1111/dom.14940 36507900 · DOI
  7. [7]Ryan D.H. Deanfield J.E. Jacob S. Prioritizing obesity treatment: Expanding the role of cardiologists to improve cardiovascular health and outcomes Cardiovasc. Endocrinol. Metab. 2023 12 e0279 10.1097/XCE.0000000000000279 36777095 PMC9911203 · DOI
  8. [8]Mishra R. Raj R. Elshimy G. Zapata I. Kannan L. Majety P. Edem D. Correa R. Adverse Events Related to Tirzepatide J. Endocr. Soc. 2023 7 bvad016 10.1210/jendso/bvad016 36789109 PMC9915969 · DOI · Paper page
  9. [9]Scheen A.J. Dual GIP/GLP-1 receptor agonists: New advances for treating type-2 diabetes Ann. Endocrinol. 2023 10 316 321 10.1016/j.ando.2022.12.423 36639119 · DOI · Paper page
  10. [10]Neuville M.F. Paquot N. Scheen A.J. A new era for glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists Rev. Med. Liege 2023 78 40 45 36634066
  11. [11]Bhusal A. Advent of tirzepatide: Boon for diabetic and obese? Ann. Med. Surg. 2023 85 71 72 10.1097/MS9.0000000000000173 36845823 PMC9949822 · DOI
  12. [12]Sinha R. Papamargaritis D. Sargeant J.A. Davies M.J. Efficacy and Safety of Tirzepatide in Type 2 Diabetes and Obesity Management J. Obes. Metab. Syndr. 2023 32 25 45 10.7570/jomes22067 36750526 PMC10088547 · DOI · Paper page
  13. [13]Ebell M.H. Tirzepatide Helps Adults with Obesity without Diabetes Lose 15% to 21% of Their Body Weight over 72 Weeks Am. Fam. Physician 2023 107 99 36689986
  14. [15]Tan Q. Akindehin S.E. Orsso C.E. Waldner R.C. DiMarchi R.D. Müller T.D. Haqq A.M. Recent Advances in Incretin-Based Pharmacotherapies for the Treatment of Obesity and Diabetes Front. Endocrinol. 2022 13 838410 10.3389/fendo.2022.838410 PMC8921987 35299971 · DOI · Paper page
  15. [16]Chakhtoura M. Haber R. Ghezzawi M. Rhayem C. Tcheroyan R. Mantzoros C.S. Pharmacotherapy of obesity: An update on the available medications and drugs under investigation EclinicalMedicine 2023 58 101882 10.1016/j.eclinm.2023.101882 36992862 PMC10041469 · DOI · Paper page
  16. [18]Li A. Su X. Hu S. Wang Y. Efficacy and safety of oral emaglutide in type 2 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis Diabetes Res. Clin. Pract. 2023 198 110605 10.1016/j.diabres.2023.110605 36871874 · DOI
  17. [19]Rodríguez J.E. Campbell K.M. Past, Present, and Future of Pharmacologic Therapy in Obesity Prim. Care 2016 43 61 67 10.1016/j.pop.2015.08.011 26896200 · DOI
  18. [20]Douglas J.G. Munro J.F. Drug treatment and obesity Pharmacol. Ther. 1982 18 351 373 10.1016/0163-7258(82)90037-7 6762569 · DOI
  19. [21]Cosentino G. Conrad A.O. Uwaifo G.I. Phentermine and topiramate for the management of obesity: A review Drug Des. Devel. Ther. 2011 7 267 278 10.2147/DDDT.S31443 PMC3623549 23630412 · DOI
  20. [22]Alfaris N. Minnick A.M. Hopkins C.M. Berkowitz R.I. Wadden T.A. Combination phentermine and topiramate extended release in the management of obesity Expert Opin. Pharmacother. 2015 16 1263 1274 10.1517/14656566.2015.1041505 25958964 · DOI · Paper page
  21. [23]Makówka A. Zawiasa A. Nowicki M. Prescription-medication sharing among family members: An unrecognized cause of a serious drug adverse event in a patient with impaired renal function Clin. Nephrol. 2015 83 196 200 10.5414/CN108052 24691009 · DOI
  22. [24]Song X.B. Shao X.T. Liu S.Y. Tan D.Q. Wang Z. Wang D.G. Assessment of metformin, nicotine, caffeine, and methamphetamine use during Chinese public holidays Chemosphere 2020 258 127354 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127354 32544816 · DOI
  23. [25]Burtscher M. Metformin for high-altitude performance? Clin. Exp. Pharmacol. Physiol. 2017 44 903 10.1111/1440-1681.12782 28500767 · DOI
  24. [26]Geer B. Gibson D. Grayeb D. Benabe J. Victory S. Mehler S. Mehler P. Metformin abuse: A novel and dangerous purging behavior in anorexia nervosa Int. J. Eat. Disord. 2019 52 319 321 10.1002/eat.23010 30629296 · DOI
  25. [29]Alvarez-Mon M.A. Llavero-Valero M. Asunsolo del Barco A. Zaragozá C. Ortega M.A. Lahera G. Quintero J. Alvarez-Mon M. Areas of Interest and Attitudes Toward Antiobesity Drugs: Thematic and Quantitative Analysis Using Twitter J. Med. Internet Res. 2021 23 e24336 10.2196/24336 34698653 PMC8579215 · DOI
  26. [33]Zaprutko T. Kopciuch D. Paczkowska A. Sprawka J. Cynar J. Pogodzińska M. Niewczas K. Stolecka A. Sygit M. Michalak M. Facebook as a source of access to medicines PLoS ONE 2022 17 e0275272 10.1371/journal.pone.0275272 36227918 PMC9560064 · DOI
  27. [34]Chiappini S. Vickers-Smith R. Guirguis A. Corkery J.M. Martinotti G. Harris D.R. Schifano F. Pharmacovigilance Signals of the Opioid Epidemic over 10 Years: Data Mining Methods in the Analysis of Pharmacovigilance Datasets Collecting Adverse Drug Reactions (ADRs) Reported to EudraVigilance (EV) and the FDA Adverse Event Reporting System (FAERS) Pharmaceuticals 2022 15 675 10.3390/ph15060675 35745593 PMC9231103 · DOI
  28. [35]Schifano N. Capogrosso P. Boeri L. Fallara G. Cakir O.O. Castiglione F. Alnajjar H.M. Muneer A. Deho F. Schifano F. Medications mostly associated with priapism events: Assessment of the 2015–2020 Food and Drug Administration (FDA) pharmacovigilance database entries Int. J. Impot. Res. 2022 10.1038/s41443-022-00583-3 35597798 · DOI
  29. [36]Dahlén A.D. Dashi G. Maslov I. Attwood M.M. Jonsson J. Trukhan V. Schiöth H.B. Trends in Antidiabetic Drug Discovery: FDA Approved Drugs, New Drugs in Clinical Trials and Global Sales Front. Pharmacol. 2022 12 807548 10.3389/fphar.2021.807548 35126141 PMC8807560 · DOI
  30. [37]Engler C. Leo M. Pfeifer B. Juchum M. Chen-Koenig D. Poelzl K. Schoenherr H. Vill D. Oberdanner J. Eisendle E. Long-term trends in the prescription of antidiabetic drugs: Realworld evidence from the Diabetes Registry Tyrol 2012–2018 BMJ Open Diabetes Res. Care 2020 8 e001279 10.1136/bmjdrc-2020-001279 32873600 PMC7467522 · DOI
  31. [39]Yamamoto-Honda R. Takahashi Y. Mori Y. Yamashita S. Yoshida Y. Kawazu S. Iwamoto Y. Kajio H. Yanai H. Mishima S. Changes in Antidiabetic Drug Prescription and Glycemic Control Trends in Elderly Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus from 2005–2013: An Analysis of the National Center Diabetes Database (NCDD-03) Intern. Med. 2018 57 1229 1240 10.2169/internalmedicine.9481-17 29279487 PMC5980802 · DOI
  32. [40]Liu L. Chen J. Wang L. Chen C. Chen L. Association between different GLP-1 receptor agonists and gastrointestinal adverse reactions: A real-world disproportionality study based on FDA adverse event reporting system database Front. Endocrinol. 2022 13 1043789 10.3389/fendo.2022.1043789 36568085 PMC9770009 · DOI · Paper page
  33. [41]Sarayani A. Hampp C. Brown J.D. Donahoo W.T. Winterstein A.G. Topiramate Utilization After Phentermine/Topiramate Approval for Obesity Management: Risk Minimization in the Era of Drug Repurposing Drug Saf. 2022 45 1517 1527 10.1007/s40264-022-01244-6 36318419 · DOI
  34. [42]Sharma D. Verma S. Vaidya S. Kalia K. Tiwari V. Recent updates on GLP-1 agonists: Current advancements & challenges Biomed. Pharmacother. 2018 108 952 962 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.08.088 30372907 · DOI
  35. [44]Cigrovski Berkovic M. Strollo F. Semaglutide-eye-catching results World J. Diabetes 2023 14 424 434 10.4239/wjd.v14.i4.424 37122431 PMC10130900 · DOI
  36. [46]Bruening A.B. Perez M. Ohrt T.K. Exploring weight control as motivation for illicit stimulant use Eat. Behav. 2018 30 72 75 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2018.06.002 29886378 · DOI · Paper page
  37. [47]Milano G. Chiappini S. Mattioli F. Martelli A. Schifano F. β-2 Agonists as Misusing Drugs? Assessment of both Clenbuterol- and Salbutamol-related European Medicines Agency Pharmacovigilance Database Reports Basic Clin. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 2018 123 182 187 10.1111/bcpt.12991 29498199 · DOI
  38. [48]Dakanalis A. Colmegna F. Zanetti M.A. Di Giacomo E. Riva G. Clerici M. Evaluation of the DSM-5 Severity Specifier for Bulimia Nervosa in Treatment-Seeking Youth Child Psychiatry Hum. Dev. 2018 49 137 145 10.1007/s10578-017-0735-y 28510006 · DOI
  39. [49]Potts A.J. Bowman N.J. Seger D.L. Thomas S.H.L. Toxicoepidemiology and pre-dictors of death in 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP) toxicity Clin. Toxicol. 2021 59 515 520 10.1080/15563650.2020.1826505 33021407 · DOI
  40. [50]Corazza O. Bersani F.S. Brunoro R. Valeriani G. Martinotti G. Schifano F. The diffusion of performance and image-enhancing drugs (PIEDs) on the internet: The abuse of the cognitive enhancer piracetam Subst. Use Misuse 2014 49 1849 1856 10.3109/10826084.2014.912232 24827869 · DOI
  41. [51]Hendricks E.J. Off-label drugs for weight management Diabetes Metab. Syndr. Obes. 2017 10 223 234 10.2147/DMSO.S95299 28652791 PMC5473499 · DOI · Paper page
  42. [52]Lee S. Kim J. In S. Choi H. Chung H. Chung K.H. Detection of phentermine in hair samples from drug suspects Forensic Sci. Int. 2011 207 e5 e7 10.1016/j.forsciint.2010.11.004 21129868 · DOI
  43. [53]Targher G. Mantovani A. Byrne C.D. Mechanisms and possible hepatoprotec-tive effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and other incretin re-ceptor agonists in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease Lancet Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2023 8 179 191 10.1016/S2468-1253(22)00338-7 36620987 · DOI · Paper page
  44. [54]Reiner D.J. Leon R.M. McGrath L.E. Koch-Laskowski K. Hahn J.D. Kanoski S.E. Mietlicki-Baase E.G. Hayes M.R. Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Signaling in the Lateral Dorsal Tegmental Nucleus Regulates Energy Balance Neuropsychopharmacology 2018 43 627 637 10.1038/npp.2017.225 28920591 PMC5770766 · DOI
  45. [55]Di Chiara G. Tanda G. Bassareo V. Pontieri F. Acquas E. Fenu S. Cadoni C. Carboni E. Drug addiction as a disorder of associative learning. Role of nucleus accumbens shell/extended amygdala dopamine Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1999 877 461 485 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1999.tb09283.x 10415665 · DOI · Paper page
  46. [57]Eren-Yazicioglu C.Y. Yigit A. Dogruoz R.E. Yapici-Eser H. Can GLP-1 Be a Target for Reward System Related Disorders? A Qualitative Synthesis and Systematic Review Analysis of Studies on Palatable Food, Drugs of Abuse, and Alcohol Front. Behav. Neurosci. 2021 14 614884 10.3389/fnbeh.2020.614884 33536884 PMC7848227 · DOI
  47. [58]Listos J. Listos P. Baranowska-Bosiacka I. Karpiuk A. Filarowska J. Łupina M. Słowik T. Zawiślak S. Kotlińska J. Linagliptin, a Selective Dipeptidyl Peptidase-4 Inhibitor, Reduces Physical and Behavioral Effects of Morphine Withdrawal Molecules 2022 27 2478 10.3390/molecules27082478 35458676 PMC9028142 · DOI
  48. [59]Jerlhag E. The therapeutic potential of glucagon-like peptide-1 for persons with addictions based on findings from preclinical and clinical studies Front. Pharmacol. 2023 14 1063033 10.3389/fphar.2023.1063033 37063267 PMC10097922 · DOI · Paper page
  49. [62]van Bloemendaal L. IJzerman R.G. Ten Kulve J.S. Barkhof F. Konrad R.J. Drent M.L. Veltman D.J. Diamant M. GLP-1 receptor activation modulates appetite- and reward-related brain areas in humans Diabetes 2014 63 4186 4196 10.2337/db14-0849 25071023 · DOI · Paper page
  50. [63]Urbanik L.A. Acharya N.K. Grigson P.S. Acute treatment with the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist, liraglutide, reduces cue- and drug-induced fentanyl seeking in rats Brain Res. Bull. 2022 189 155 162 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2022.08.023 36031011 · DOI
  51. [64]Douton J.E. Acharya N.K. Stoltzfus B. Sun D. Grigson P.S. Nyland J.E. Acute glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist liraglutide prevents cue-, stress-, and drug-induced heroin-seeking in rats Behav. Pharmacol. 2022 33 364 378 10.1097/FBP.0000000000000685 35695511 PMC9308649 · DOI
  52. [65]Colvin K.J. Killen H.S. Kanter M.J. Halperin M.C. Engel L. Dickinson M.B. Fimmel A.I. Holland J.G. Currie P.J. Differential effects of intra-ventral tegmental area ghrelin and glucagon-like peptide-1 on the stimulatory action of D-amphetamine and cocaine-induced ethanol intake in male Sprague Dawley rats Behav. Brain Res. 2022 421 113726 10.1016/j.bbr.2021.113726 34954300 · DOI
  53. [66]Douton J.E. Augusto C. Stoltzfus B. Carkaci-Salli N. Vrana K.E. Grigson P.S. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist, exendin-4, reduces reinstatement of heroin-seeking behavior in rats Behav. Pharmacol. 2021 32 265 277 10.1097/FBP.0000000000000609 33229892 PMC8119287 · DOI
  54. [67]Marty V.N. Farokhnia M. Munier J.J. Mulpuri Y. Leggio L. Spigelman I. Long-Acting Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists Suppress Voluntary Alcohol Intake in Male Wistar Rats Front. Neurosci. 2020 14 599646 10.3389/fnins.2020.599646 33424537 PMC7785877 · DOI
  55. [68]Yammine L. Green C.E. Kosten T.R. de Dios C. Suchting R. Lane S.D. Verrico C.D. Schmitz J.M. Exenatide Adjunct to Nicotine Patch Facilitates Smoking Cessation and May Reduce Post-Cessation Weight Gain: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial Nicotine Tob. Res. 2021 23 1682 1690 10.1093/ntr/ntab066 33831213 PMC8517504 · DOI
  56. [70]Harkavyi A. Abuirmeileh A. Lever R. Kingsbury A.E. Biggs C.S. Whitton P.S. Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor stimulation reverses key deficits in distinct rodent models of Parkinson’s disease J. Neuroinflamm. 2008 5 19 10.1186/1742-2094-5-19 18492290 PMC2426681 · DOI
  57. [71]Hölscher C. Protective properties of GLP-1 and associated peptide hormones in neurodegenerative disorders Br. J. Pharmacol. 2022 179 695 714 10.1111/bph.15508 33900631 PMC8820183 · DOI
  58. [73]Athauda D. Foltynie T. Protective effects of the GLP-1 mimetic exendin-4 in Parkinson’s disease Neuropharmacology 2018 136 Pt B 260 270 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.09.023 28927992 · DOI
  59. [74]Bomba M. Granzotto A. Castelli V. Massetti N. Silvestri E. Canzoniero L.M.T. Cimini A. Sensi S.L. Exenatide exerts cognitive effects by modulating the BDNF-TrkB neurotrophic axis in adult mice Neurobiol. Aging 2018 64 33 43 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2017.12.009 29331730 · DOI
  60. [76]Schifano F. Coming Off Prescribed Psychotropic Medications: Insights from Their Use as Recreational Drugs Psychother. Psychosom. 2020 89 274 282 10.1159/000507897 32615566 · DOI · Paper page
  61. [80]Subeesh V. Maheswari E. Saraswathy G.R. Swaroop A.M. Minnikanti S.S.A. Comparative Study of Data Mining Algorithms Used for Signal Detection in FDA AERS Database J. Young Pharm. 2018 10 444 449 10.5530/jyp.2018.10.97 · DOI
  62. [81]Ahmed I. Thiessard F. Miremont-Salame G. Haramburu F. Kreft-Jais C. Be’gaud B. Tubert-Bitter P. Early Detection of Pharmacovigilance Signals with Automated Methods Based on False Discovery Rates: A Comparative Study Drug Saf. 2012 35 495 506 10.2165/11597180-000000000-00000 22612853 · DOI
  63. [82]Suling M. Pigeot I. Signal detection and monitoring based on longitudinal healthcare data Pharmaceutics 2012 4 607 640 10.3390/pharmaceutics4040607 24300373 PMC3834930 · DOI
  64. [83]van Puijenbroek E.P. Bate A. Leufkens H.G.M. Lindquist M. Orre R. Egberts A.C.G. A comparison of measures of disproportionality for signal detection in spontaneous reporting systems for adverse drug reactions Pharmacoepidemiol. Drug Saf. 2002 11 3 10 10.1002/pds.668 11998548 · DOI
  65. [84]Evans S.J.W. Waller P.C. Davis S. Use of proportional reporting ratios (PRRs) for signal generation from spontaneous adverse drug reaction reports Pharmacoepidemiol. Drug Saf. 2001 10 483 486 10.1002/pds.677 11828828 · DOI
  66. [85]Bate A. Lindquist M. Edwards I.R. Olsson S. Orre R. Lansner A. De Freitas R.M. A Bayesian neural network method for adverse drug reaction signal generation Eur. J. Clin. Pharmacol. 1998 54 315 321 10.1007/s002280050466 9696956 · DOI
  67. [86]Szarfman A. Machado S.G. O’Neill R.T. Use of screening algorithms and computer systems to efficiently signal higher-than-expected combinations of drugs and events in the US FDA’s spontaneous reports database Drug Saf. 2002 25 381 392 10.2165/00002018-200225060-00001 12071774 · DOI

Authors
Chiappini, S., Vickers-Smith, R., Harris, D., Papanti Pelletier, G. D., Corkery, J. M., Guirguis, A., Martinotti, G., Sensi, S. L., & Schifano, F.
Affiliations
  • University of Hertfordshire (GB)
  • Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, University of Kentucky College of Public Health, 111 Washington Avenue, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
  • University of Kentucky (US)
  • Psychopharmacology, Drug Misuse and Novel Psychoactive Substances Research Unit, School of Life and Medical Sciences, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield AL10 9AB, UK
  • Swansea University (GB)
  • University of Chieti-Pescara (IT)
Corresponding author
Chiappini, Stefania
ORCID
Venue
Pharmaceuticals
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2023-07-11
Volume
16
Issue
7
Pages
994
ISSN
1424-8247 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3390/ph16070994
PMC
PMC10384093
OpenAlex
W4384067410
Cited by
78
References
79
Citations by year
2026: 23 · 2025: 29 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 3
FWCI
13.80
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Pharmaceuticals (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • Preprints.org (acceptedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • University of Hertfordshire Research Archive (University of Hertfordshire) (acceptedVersion)
  • University of Hertfordshire Research Archive (University of Hertfordshire) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Toxicology › Pharmacovigilance and Adverse Drug Reactions
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Pharmacology and Obesity Treatment
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Treatment and Management
Keywords
semaglutide, drug abuse, GLP-1 receptor agonists, pharmacovigilance, adverse event reporting, dulaglutide, anti-obesity drugs, drug withdrawal syndrome, reporting odds ratio, proportional reporting ratio

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review