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Bismuth-213 for targeted radionuclide therapy: from atom to bedside.
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Abstract
Besides external high-energy photon or proton beam therapy, targeted radionuclide therapy (TRNT) is an alternative approach to deliver radiation to cancer cells. TRNT is distributed within the body by the vascular system and allows targeted irradiation of a primary tumor and all its metastases, resulting in substantially less collateral damage to normal tissues as compared to ex-ternal beam radiotherapy (EBRT). It is a systemic cancer therapy, tackling systemic spread of the disease, which is the cause of death in most cancer patients. The α-emitting radionuclide bis-muth-213 (213Bi) has interesting properties and can be considered as a magic bullet for TRNT. The benefits and drawbacks of targeted alpha therapy with 213Bi are discussed in this review, covering the entire chain from radionuclide production to bedside. First, the radionuclide properties and production of 225Ac and its daughter 213Bi are discussed, followed by the fundamental chemical properties of bismuth. Next, an overview of available acyclic and macrocyclic bifunctional chelators for bismuth, and general considerations for designing a 213Bi-radiopharmaceutical are provided. Finally, we will provide an overview of preclinical and clinical studies involving 213Bi-radiopharmaceuticals, as well as the future perspectives of this promising cancer treatment option.
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![Figure 1 General concept of TRNT. ROS = reactive oxygen species, SSB = single strand break, DSB = double strand break, APC = antigen presenting cells, CD6 = cluster of differentiation 6. The DNA structure was reproduced from Gill and Vallis 2019, with permission from the Royal Society of Chemistry [9], Royal Society of Chemistry, 2019.](/paper-figures/9f9027af3e37468a959d94b3d9e22d10/bismuth-213-for-targeted-radionuclide-therapy-from-atom-to-bedside-figure-1.jpg)
![Figure 5 Crystal structure of NaBiDOTA·H2O. Reprinted (adapted) from E. Brücher et al., 2003, with permission from [58]; American Chemical Society, 2003.](/paper-figures/38d9f687707c4fa9b7dda3ca00618976/bismuth-213-for-targeted-radionuclide-therapy-from-atom-to-bedside-figure-5.jpg)
![Figure 6 The size of the vector molecule determines the residence time of blood, tumor accumulation, radiotoxicity, target-to-blood ratio, and imaging contrast of the radiopharmaceutical. Image was adapted from Hong H. et al., 2008 and modified with permission from [79], SAGE Journals, 2008.](/paper-figures/7095cc5fff9e48c8b0383f8131e74bb8/bismuth-213-for-targeted-radionuclide-therapy-from-atom-to-bedside-figure-6.jpg)
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“It is important to mention that the availability of appropriate cyclotrons worldwide [energy range 15–25 MeV (101)] makes the production of 225Ac feasible for basic and applied research (94).”
From Alpha-peptide receptor radionuclide therapy using actinium-225 labeled somatostatin receptor agonists and antagonists (2022) · cites this paper as [94]
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Current and future perspectives on radioligand therapy in advanced prostate cancer
Ahmed, B. S., & Ravi, P. K. (2026) · Therapeutic Advances in Medical Oncology · doi:10.1177/17588359251409047 · Cited by 5
“37”
Radiopharmaceuticals: Status, Regulatory Landscape and Future Perspective
Maithania, H. V., John, R., Painoori, R., monpara, J., Swaminathan, S., & Kalhapure, R. S. (2026) · AAPS PharmSciTech · doi:10.1208/s12249-026-03346-1 · Cited by 4
225Aс/213Bi generator for direct synthesis of 213Bi-labeled bioconjugates
Ermolaev, S. V., Vasiliev, A. N., Skasyrskaya, A. K., Lapshina, E. V., Khaliullina, D. R., & Libanova, O. N. (2024) · Nuclear Medicine and Biology · doi:10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2024.108975 · Cited by 4
52Mn-labelled Beta-cyclodextrin for Melanoma Imaging: A Proof-of-concept Preclinical Study
Képes, Z., Szabó, J. P., Kálmán-Szabó, I., Sass, T., Esze, R., Opposits, G., Jószai, I., Szikra, D., Fenyvesi, F., Hajdu, I., et al. (2024) · In Vivo · doi:10.21873/invivo.13735 · Cited by 4
“Despite these promising initial results, however, the use of short-lived 68 Ga or 205/206 Bi isotopes suffers the limitation of not covering extended imaging periods (42-44).”
BackgroundCsikos, C., Képes, Z., Fekete, A., Vágner, A., Nagy, G., Gyuricza, B., Arató, V., Kárpáti, L., Mándity, I. M., Bruchertseifer, F., et al. (2023) · International Journal of Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.123344 · Cited by 4
Vasiliev, A. N., Ermolaev, S. V., Lapshina, E. V., Bravo, M. G., & Skasyrskaya, A. K. (2022) · Solvent Extraction and Ion Exchange · doi:10.1080/07366299.2022.2088059 · Cited by 4
“Radiopharmaceuticals containing (225)Ac and its daughter (213)Bi are successfully passing clinical trials for the treatment of leukemia, NHL, carcinoma, neuroendocrine tumor, glioma melanoma, and other malignant diseases [12,13].”
BackgroundAdvances in Molecular Imaging for Neuroendocrine Neoplasms
Girod, B., & Prasad, V. (2025) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers17122013 · Cited by 3
“In patients who have progressed clinically or radiographically, management includes chemotherapy, everolimus, sunitinib, cabozantinib, or peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT) [1–3].”
Munekane, M., Fuchigami, T., & Ogawa, K. (2026) · Coordination Chemistry Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.ccr.2026.218173 · Cited by 3
Quality Assurance and Quality Control Methods in Radiopharmacy
Kılçar, A. Y. (2023) · Nuclear Medicine Seminars · doi:10.4274/nts.galenos.2023.0010 · Cited by 3
Gas-chemical approach to 225Ac/213Bi radionuclide generator for medical application
Zobnin, V., Zhuikov, B. L., Vasiliev, A. N., & Polnyakov, G. A. (2024) · Applied Radiation and Isotopes · doi:10.1016/j.apradiso.2024.111581 · Cited by 3
The Emerging Potential of Lead-212 Theranostics
Plichta, K. A., & Buatti, J. M. (2025) · Hematology/Oncology Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.hoc.2024.11.001 · Cited by 3
Alpha particle microdosimetry calculations using a shallow neural network
Wagstaff, P., Gabiña, P. M., Mínguez, R., & Roeske, J. C. (2022) · Physics in Medicine and Biology · doi:10.1088/1361-6560/ac499c · Cited by 3
Radiopharmaceuticals for Therapy
Vallabhajosula, S. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-23205-3_17 · Cited by 3
Zhu, H., Heinitz, S., Binnemans, K., Mullens, S., & Cardinaels, T. (2024) · RSC Advances · doi:10.1039/d4ra06276k · Cited by 2
Dienes, R. A., Komor, L. A., Szabó, J. P., Berzi, A., Emri, M., Szikra, D., Fekete, A., Opposits, G., Jószai, I., Kertész, I., et al. (2025) · European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.ejps.2025.107344 · Cited by 2
Ahenkorah, S., & Ramdhani, D. (2025) · Pharmaceutics · doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics17121508 · Cited by 2
“The fast dissociation of radiometals from acyclic chelators in vivo is well reported in the literature [3,13].”
Medicinal applications of bismuth(III): from antimicrobial to anticancer
Lok, J. G.-T., Chan, C.-L., Hao, Q., Li, H., & Sun, H. (2026) · Journal of Inorganic Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2026.113299 · Cited by 2
Obuch, J., Cı́sařová, I., Czernek, J., Brus, J., & Hermann, P. (2026) · Inorganic Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.inorgchem.6c01226 · Cited by 2
Targeted Alpha Therapy in Cancer Management: Therapeutic Prospects of Nuclear Medicine in Oncology
Mdanda, S., Mdlophane, A. H., Ndlovu, H., Ramonaheng, K., Qebetu, M., Mahapane, J., Kgatle, M., Mzizi, Y. V., Sebatana, R., Cele, Z. E. D., et al. (2023) · Interdisciplinary cancer research · doi:10.1007/16833_2023_195 · Cited by 2
State of the art and future perspectives of new radionuclides in Nuclear Medicine. Part II
Sancho, L., Roteta, A., Torres, I., de Arcocha, M., Ramos-Membrive, R., Domínguez, M. L., Rosales, J. J., Prieto, E., & Quincoces, G. (2025) · Revista Española de Medicina Nuclear e Imagen Molecular (English Edition) · doi:10.1016/j.remnie.2025.500128 · Cited by 2
Berckmans, Y., Wouters, R., Raskovic-Lovre, Z., Mechelen, S. V., Lindland, K., Bønsdorff, T. B., Coosemans, A., & Cleeren, F. (2025) · Nuclear Medicine and Biology · doi:10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2025.109570 · Cited by 2
Képes, Z., Hajdu, I., Fenyvesi, F., & Trencsényi, G. (2023) · International Journal of Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.122978 · Cited by 2
Prospects for the Use of Bismuth Nanoparticles and Its Compounds in Biomedicine
Rudyy, A. V., Fronya, A. A., & Zavestovskaya, I. N. (2023) · Physics of Atomic Nuclei · doi:10.1134/s106377882311039x · Cited by 2
Deroose, C. M. (2023) · European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging · doi:10.1007/s00259-023-06581-x · Cited by 2
“Advantages of this strategy include first-pass mediated increased uptake and a more rapid reaching of peak or plateau values in the time-activity curve, which can be of great interest in treatment with short-lived radionuclides (e.g., bismuth-213, half-life 45.6 min) [6].”
InfluentialZhu, H., Heinitz, S., Binnemans, K., Mullens, S., & Cardinaels, T. (2024) · ACS Omega · doi:10.1021/acsomega.4c05457 · Cited by 1
Ketchemen, J. P., Ahenkorah, S., Nwangele, E., Malaza, S. S. P., Ooms, M., Cardinaels, T., Leekens, S., Cleeren, F., & Fonge, H. (2025) · EJNMMI Radiopharmacy and Chemistry · doi:10.1186/s41181-025-00408-w · Cited by 1
Arawker, M. H., Habibullah, F., Fu, L., Baral, S., & Qiu, X. (2026) · Molecular Imaging and Biology · doi:10.1007/s11307-026-02082-z · Cited by 1
“While α-emitters offer the potential for enhanced tumoricidal efficacy [91], their use demands meticulous dose fractionation and stringent renal protection protocols due to their high linear energy transfer.”
Theranostics and Molecular-targeted Endo-radiotherapy: The Current Landscape and Future Directions
Nazar, A. K., & Basu, S. K. (2025) · Clinical Nuclear Medicine · doi:10.1097/rlu.0000000000006120 · Cited by 1
Biodistribution of 213Bi–Metallothionein and 213Bi–IgG in Intact Mice
Петриев, В. М., Тищенко, В. К., Шегай, П. В., Иванов, С. А., & Каприн, А. Д. (2022) · Physics of Atomic Nuclei · doi:10.1134/s1063778822090253 · Cited by 1
Seo, S., & Seo, Y. (2025) · Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging · doi:10.1007/s13139-025-00907-3 · Cited by 1
“Among the isotopes of Bi, the alpha-emitting radionuclides Bi-212 and Bi-213 have garnered significant attention for their potential in TAT [ 34 , 35 ].”
Horváth, D., Vágner, A., Szikra, D., Trencsényi, G., Demitri, N., Guidolin, N., Maiocchi, A., Ghiani, S., Travagin, F., Giovenzana, G. B., et al. (2022) · Angewandte Chemie · doi:10.1002/ange.202207120
Chemistry of Therapeutic Radionuclides
Vallabhajosula, S. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-23205-3_18
Radiopharmaceutical Therapy: Strategy for Management to Optimize Patient Care – A Case Report
Ding, L., Smith, K. S., Iandoli, M., Laurie, F., Bradford, C., LaRosa, S., Khalifeh, A., Liu, F., Kuo, I., Razzaq, M., et al. (2024) · Medical Research Archives · doi:10.18103/mra.v12i4.5218
Calculation of alpha particle single-event spectra using a neural network
Alkhani, L., Luce, J., Gabiña, P. M., & Roeske, J. C. (2024) · Frontiers in Oncology · doi:10.3389/fonc.2024.1394671
Pursuing theranostics: a multimodal architecture approach
Bender, A. A., Holiski, C. K., Embree, M. F., Hennkens, H. M., Klaehn, J. R., Lundgreen, E., Roberts, A. G., Zalupski, P. R., & Mastren, T. (2024) · Sensors & Diagnostics · doi:10.1039/d4sd00221k
Estado del arte y perspectivas futuras de nuevos radionúclidos en Medicina Nuclear: Parte II
Sancho, L., Roteta, A., Torres, I., de Arcocha, M., Ramos-Membrive, R., Domínguez, M. L., Rosales, J. J., Prieto, E., & Quincoces, G. (2025) · Revista Española de Medicina Nuclear e Imagen Molecular · doi:10.1016/j.remn.2025.500128
Metadata
- Authors
- Ahenkorah, S., Cassells, I., Deroose, C. M., Cardinaels, T., Burgoyne, A. R., Bormans, G., Ooms, M., & Cleeren, F.
- Affiliations
- Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (BE)
- Universitair Ziekenhuis Leuven (BE)
- KU Leuven (BE)
- Corresponding author
- Ooms, Maarten
- Cleeren, Frederik
- ORCID
- Venue
- Pharmaceutics
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2021-04-21
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 599
- ISSN
- 1999-4923 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8143329
- OpenAlex
- W3145208530
- Cited by
- 120
- References
- 141
- Citations by year
- 2026: 21 · 2025: 26 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 6
- FWCI
- 2.98
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Pharmaceutics (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Preprints.org (acceptedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Lirias (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (12R3119N)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry and Applications
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Radiation › Radioactivity and Radon Measurements
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Pharmaceutical Science › Chemical Reactions and Isotopes
- Keywords
- bismuth-213, targeted radionuclide therapy, targeted alpha therapy, actinium-225, radioisotope production, bifunctional chelators, macrocyclic chelators, radiopharmaceutical design, bismuth chemistry, alpha-emitting radionuclides, cancer therapy
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