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Cited by 407Plant Stress Responses and ToleranceRedox biology and oxidative stressPlant-Microbe Interactions and Immunity

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Regulation of Reactive Oxygen Species during Salt Stress in Plants and Their Crosstalk with Other Signaling Molecules—Current Perspectives and Future Directions

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Kesawat, Mahipal Singh, Satheesh, Neela, Kherawat, Bhagwat Singh, Kumar, Ajay, Kim, Hyun-Uk, Chung, Sang-Min, Kumar, Manu·2023·Plants
DOI 10.3390/plants12040864PMC PMC9964777
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Abstract

Salt stress is a severe type of environmental stress. It adversely affects agricultural production worldwide. The overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is the most frequent phenomenon during salt stress. ROS are extremely reactive and, in high amounts, noxious, leading to destructive processes and causing cellular damage. However, at lower concentrations, ROS function as secondary messengers, playing a critical role as signaling molecules, ensuring regulation of growth and adjustment to multifactorial stresses. Plants contain several enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants that can detoxify ROS. The production of ROS and their scavenging are important aspects of the plant’s normal response to adverse conditions. Recently, this field has attracted immense attention from plant scientists; however, ROS-induced signaling pathways during salt stress remain largely unknown. In this review, we will discuss the critical role of different antioxidants in salt stress tolerance. We also summarize the recent advances on the detrimental effects of ROS, on the antioxidant machinery scavenging ROS under salt stress, and on the crosstalk between ROS and other various signaling molecules, including nitric oxide, hydrogen sulfide, calcium, and phytohormones. Moreover, the utilization of “-omic” approaches to improve the ROS-regulating antioxidant system during the adaptation process to salt stress is also described.

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Crossref · 10.3390/plants12040864

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Figure 1 Excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in plants causes oxidative stress, leading to apoptosis, which severely affects plant growth and productivity. HO•, hydroxyl radical; H2O2, hydrogen peroxide; O2•−, superoxide radical; and 1O2, singlet oxygen.
Figure 1 Excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in plants causes oxidative stress, leading to apoptosis, which severely affects plant growth and productivity. HO•, hydroxyl radical; H2O2, hydrogen peroxide; O2•−, superoxide radical; and 1O2, singlet oxygen.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 2 Mechanism and site of production of ROS in plants. SOD, superoxide dismutase; ROS, reactive oxygen species; ETC, electron transport chain; OEC, oxygen-evolving center; H2O2, hydrogen peroxide; PS I, photosystem I; PS II, photosystem II; O2−•, superoxide anion; 1O2, singlet oxygen; HO•, hydroxyl radical; NADPH, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide; XOD, xanthine oxidase; and UO, urate oxidase.
Figure 2 Mechanism and site of production of ROS in plants. SOD, superoxide dismutase; ROS, reactive oxygen species; ETC, electron transport chain; OEC, oxygen-evolving center; H2O2, hydrogen peroxide; PS I, photosystem I; PS II, photosystem II; O2−•, superoxide anion; 1O2, singlet oxygen; HO•, hydroxyl radical; NADPH, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide; XOD, xanthine oxidase; and UO, urate oxidase.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 3 Antioxidant defense machinery in plants: (A) different types of antioxidants and (B) intricate regulatory mechanisms of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants. TRX, thioredoxin; SOD, superoxide dismutase; CAT, catalase; AA, ascorbic acid; AsA, ascorbate; APX, ascorbate peroxidase; DHAR, dehydroascorbate reductase; DHA, dehydroascorbate; GPX, glutathione peroxidase; H2O2, hydrogen peroxide; GSH, reduced glutathione; GR, glutathione reductase; GSSG, oxidized glutathione; MDHAR, monodehydroascorbate reductase; MDHA, monodehydroascorbate; GST, glutathione S-transferase; NADPH, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate; DHA, dehydroascorbate; AsA, ascorbate; AA, ascorbic acid; AsA-GSH, ascorbate-glutathione; GLA-I, glyoxalase-I; GLA-II, glyoxalase-II; PPO, polyphenol oxidase; POD, peroxidases; PRX, peroxiredoxins; O2−•, superoxide anion; 1O2, singlet oxygen; HO•, hydroxyl radical.
Figure 3 Antioxidant defense machinery in plants: (A) different types of antioxidants and (B) intricate regulatory mechanisms of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants. TRX, thioredoxin; SOD, superoxide dismutase; CAT, catalase; AA, ascorbic acid; AsA, ascorbate; APX, ascorbate peroxidase; DHAR, dehydroascorbate reductase; DHA, dehydroascorbate; GPX, glutathione peroxidase; H2O2, hydrogen peroxide; GSH, reduced glutathione; GR, glutathione reductase; GSSG, oxidized glutathione; MDHAR, monodehydroascorbate reductase; MDHA, monodehydroascorbate; GST, glutathione S-transferase; NADPH, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate; DHA, dehydroascorbate; AsA, ascorbate; AA, ascorbic acid; AsA-GSH, ascorbate-glutathione; GLA-I, glyoxalase-I; GLA-II, glyoxalase-II; PPO, polyphenol oxidase; POD, peroxidases; PRX, peroxiredoxins; O2−•, superoxide anion; 1O2, singlet oxygen; HO•, hydroxyl radical.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 4 The mechanisms by which exogenous and endogenous proline ameliorate salt stress tolerance in plants. ROS, reactive oxygen species; HO•, hydroxyl radical; H2O2, hydrogen peroxide; O2•−, superoxide radical; 1O2, singlet oxygen; AsA-GSH, ascorbate-glutathione cycle.
Figure 4 The mechanisms by which exogenous and endogenous proline ameliorate salt stress tolerance in plants. ROS, reactive oxygen species; HO•, hydroxyl radical; H2O2, hydrogen peroxide; O2•−, superoxide radical; 1O2, singlet oxygen; AsA-GSH, ascorbate-glutathione cycle.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 5 Overview of crosstalk between the different signaling molecules and phytohormones during salt stress tolerance. ROS, reactive oxygen species; O2•−, superoxide anion; 1O2, singlet oxygen; HO•, hydroxyl radical; H2O2, hydrogen peroxide; NO, nitric oxide; H2S, hydrogen sulfide; Ca, calcium; SA, salicylic acid; GA, gibberellins; IAA, indole acetic acid; ABA, abscisic acid; SOS, salt overly sensitive; MAPK, mitogen-activated kinase protein.
Figure 5 Overview of crosstalk between the different signaling molecules and phytohormones during salt stress tolerance. ROS, reactive oxygen species; O2•−, superoxide anion; 1O2, singlet oxygen; HO•, hydroxyl radical; H2O2, hydrogen peroxide; NO, nitric oxide; H2S, hydrogen sulfide; Ca, calcium; SA, salicylic acid; GA, gibberellins; IAA, indole acetic acid; ABA, abscisic acid; SOS, salt overly sensitive; MAPK, mitogen-activated kinase protein.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 6 Utilization of different “-omics” approaches to develop salt-tolerant cultivars for improving the growth and productivity of different plant species.
Figure 6 Utilization of different “-omics” approaches to develop salt-tolerant cultivars for improving the growth and productivity of different plant species.CC BY · PubMed Central

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Citations

Cites

Show all 270 references

Research works printed but not linked: 15

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Metadata

Authors
Kesawat, M. S., Satheesh, N., Kherawat, B. S., Kumar, A., Kim, H.-U., Chung, S.-M., & Kumar, M.
Affiliations
  • Sri Sri University (IN)
  • Swami Keshwanand Rajasthan Agricultural University (IN)
  • Banaras Hindu University (IN)
  • Sejong University (KR)
  • Dongguk University (KR)
Corresponding author
Kumar, Manu
ORCID
Venue
Plants
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2023-02-14
Volume
12
Issue
4
Pages
864
ISSN
2223-7747 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3390/plants12040864
PMC
PMC9964777
OpenAlex
W4320917863
Cited by
407
References
270
Citations by year
2026: 132 · 2025: 139 · 2024: 113 · 2023: 22
FWCI
9.70
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Plants (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders
  • National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF-2020R1A2C2008175)
  • Dongguk University Research Fund of 2020–2023 (NRF-2020R1A2C2008175)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Plant Stress Responses and Tolerance
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Redox biology and oxidative stress
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Plant-Microbe Interactions and Immunity
Keywords
reactive oxygen species, salt stress, salt tolerance, antioxidant enzymes, non-enzymatic antioxidants, ROS signaling, nitric oxide, hydrogen sulfide, calcium signaling, plant hormones, oxidative stress, plant stress response, omics approaches

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