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Pathogenesis-Related Proteins (PRs) with Enzyme Activity Activating Plant Defense Responses

dos Santos, Cristiane, Franco, Octávio Luiz·2023·Plants
DOI 10.3390/plants12112226PMC PMC10255391
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Abstract

Throughout evolution, plants have developed a highly complex defense system against different threats, including phytopathogens. Plant defense depends on constitutive and induced factors combined as defense mechanisms. These mechanisms involve a complex signaling network linking structural and biochemical defense. Antimicrobial and pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins are examples of this mechanism, which can accumulate extra- and intracellular space after infection. However, despite their name, some PR proteins are present at low levels even in healthy plant tissues. When they face a pathogen, these PRs can increase in abundance, acting as the first line of plant defense. Thus, PRs play a key role in early defense events, which can reduce the damage and mortality caused by pathogens. In this context, the present review will discuss defense response proteins, which have been identified as PRs, with enzymatic action, including constitutive enzymes, β-1,3 glucanase, chitinase, peroxidase and ribonucleases. From the technological perspective, we discuss the advances of the last decade applied to the study of these enzymes, which are important in the early events of higher plant defense against phytopathogens.

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Figure 1 Initial plant defense response in plant–pathogen interaction. At first, the pathogen is recognized on the plant cell wall surface. Then, the elicitors activate a signaling network, where defense genes are activated to produce PR proteins that accumulate and act in the degradation of the pathogenic cell (i.e., β-1,3-gluc and chit; the degradation products of these enzymes can also act as elicitors). The oxidative buster mediates the generation of ROS in an attempt to limit the spread of the pathogen. PRs (i.e., β-1,3-glucanases, chitinases, PRXs, PR10 together with Phyx) are able to induce a hypersensitivity response to prevent the spread of the pathogen to other tissues, releasing elicitors that induce the plant’s defense mechanism. PR10, RBPs and RIPs are also produced by the plant, mediating virus infection. NB-LRR and PR10 act together in gene defense induction. PRX, peroxidase; PRs, pathogen-related proteins; Chit, chitinase; ROS, reactive oxygen species; Phyx, phytoalexin; β-1,3-gluc, β-1,3-glucanases; Ethy, ethylene; JA, jasmonic acid; LRR-RLK, leucine-rich repeat receptor-like protein kinase; NB-LRR, nucleotide-binding and leucine-rich repeat; RBPs, RNA-binding proteins; RIPs, ribosome-inactivating proteins.
Figure 1 Initial plant defense response in plant–pathogen interaction. At first, the pathogen is recognized on the plant cell wall surface. Then, the elicitors activate a signaling network, where defense genes are activated to produce PR proteins that accumulate and act in the degradation of the pathogenic cell (i.e., β-1,3-gluc and chit; the degradation products of these enzymes can also act as elicitors). The oxidative buster mediates the generation of ROS in an attempt to limit the spread of the pathogen. PRs (i.e., β-1,3-glucanases, chitinases, PRXs, PR10 together with Phyx) are able to induce a hypersensitivity response to prevent the spread of the pathogen to other tissues, releasing elicitors that induce the plant’s defense mechanism. PR10, RBPs and RIPs are also produced by the plant, mediating virus infection. NB-LRR and PR10 act together in gene defense induction. PRX, peroxidase; PRs, pathogen-related proteins; Chit, chitinase; ROS, reactive oxygen species; Phyx, phytoalexin; β-1,3-gluc, β-1,3-glucanases; Ethy, ethylene; JA, jasmonic acid; LRR-RLK, leucine-rich repeat receptor-like protein kinase; NB-LRR, nucleotide-binding and leucine-rich repeat; RBPs, RNA-binding proteins; RIPs, ribosome-inactivating proteins.CC BY · PubMed Central

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Metadata

Authors
dos Santos, C., & Franco, O. L.
Venue
Plants
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2023-06-05
Volume
12
Issue
11
Pages
2226
ISSN
2223-7747
DOI
10.3390/plants12112226
PMC
PMC10255391
Cited by
259
References
0
Language
en
Licence
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (vor)

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

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