Plants’ Response Mechanisms to Salinity Stress

Balasubramaniam, Thuvaraki; Shen, Guoxin; Esmaeili, Nardana; Zhang, Hong

doi:10.3390/plants12122253

Cited by 740Plant Stress Responses and TolerancePlant-Microbe Interactions and ImmunityEngineering and Agricultural Innovations

Plants’ Response Mechanisms to Salinity Stress

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Balasubramaniam, Thuvaraki, Shen, Guoxin, Esmaeili, Nardana, Zhang, Hong·2023·Plants

DOI 10.3390/plants12122253PMC PMC10300796

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Abstract

Soil salinization is a severe abiotic stress that negatively affects plant growth and development, leading to physiological abnormalities and ultimately threatening global food security. The condition arises from excessive salt accumulation in the soil, primarily due to anthropogenic activities such as irrigation, improper land uses, and overfertilization. The presence of Na⁺, Cl−, and other related ions in the soil above normal levels can disrupt plant cellular functions and lead to alterations in essential metabolic processes such as seed germination and photosynthesis, causing severe damage to plant tissues and even plant death in the worst circumstances. To counteract the effects of salt stress, plants have developed various mechanisms, including modulating ion homeostasis, ion compartmentalization and export, and the biosynthesis of osmoprotectants. Recent advances in genomic and proteomic technologies have enabled the identification of genes and proteins involved in plant salt-tolerance mechanisms. This review provides a short overview of the impact of salinity stress on plants and the underlying mechanisms of salt-stress tolerance, particularly the functions of salt-stress-responsive genes associated with these mechanisms. This review aims at summarizing recent advances in our understanding of salt-stress tolerance mechanisms, providing the key background knowledge for improving crops’ salt tolerance, which could contribute to the yield and quality enhancement in major crops grown under saline conditions or in arid and semiarid regions of the world.

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Plant responses to salinity can vary significantly based on genetic traits, the severity of salinity, and environmental conditions.
“However, plant responses to salinity can vary significantly based on genetic traits, the severity of salinity, and environmental conditions48.”
From Cold plasma technology as a pre-treatment for seed priming enhances germination and reduces salinity stress in Prosopis Koelziana (2025) · cites this paper as [48]

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Authors: Balasubramaniam, T., Shen, G., Esmaeili, N., & Zhang, H.
Affiliations: Texas Tech University (US)
ZheJiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CN)
Corresponding author: Shen, Guoxin
Esmaeili, Nardana
ORCID: Balasubramaniam, Thuvaraki
Shen, Guoxin
Esmaeili, Nardana
Zhang, Hong
Venue: Plants
Publisher: MDPI AG
Published: 2023-06-08
Volume: 12
Issue: 12
Pages: 2253
ISSN: 2223-7747 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.3390/plants12122253
PMC: PMC10300796
OpenAlex: W4380089713
Cited by: 740
References: 181
Citations by year: 2026: 301 · 2025: 264 · 2024: 160 · 2023: 15
FWCI: 17.70
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (vor)
Locations: Plants (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
ThinkTech (Texas Tech University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Funders: Key Technologies R & D Program for Crop Breeding of Zhejiang Province (2021C02072-5, 31402140)
Natural Science Foundation of China (2021C02072-5, 31402140)
Topics: Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Plant Stress Responses and Tolerance
Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Plant-Microbe Interactions and Immunity
Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Aquatic Science › Engineering and Agricultural Innovations
Keywords: salt stress, salt tolerance, soil salinization, ion homeostasis, ion compartmentalization, osmoprotectants, abiotic stress, seed germination, photosynthesis, crop improvement

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