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Comparison of Oil-Seed Shell Biomass-Based Biochar for the Removal of Anionic Dyes—Characterization and Adsorption Efficiency Studies
Abstract
This research investigated the synthesis of biochar through the direct pyrolysis of pre-roasted sunflower seed shells (SFS) and peanut shells (PNS) and compared their application for the effective removal of textile dyes from wastewater. Biochar prepared at 900 °C (SFS900 and PNS900) showed the highest adsorption capacity, which can be attributed to the presence of higher nitrogen content and graphite-like structures. CHNS analysis revealed that PNS900 exhibited an 11.4% higher carbon content than SFS900, which enhanced the environmental stability of PNS biochar. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses of the produced biochar indicated the degradation of cellulosic and lignin moieties. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) revealed a 13.8% and 22.6% increase in C-C/C=C mass concentrations in the SFS900 and PNS900, respectively, and could be attributed to the condensation of polyaromatic structures. Batch experiments for dye removal demonstrated that irrespective of dye species, PNS900 exhibited superior dye removal efficiency compared to SFS900 at similar dosages. In addition to H-bonding and electrostatic interactions, the presence of pyridinic-N and graphitic-N can play a vital role in enhancing Lewis acid-base and π-π EDA interactions. The results can provide valuable insights into the biochar–dye interaction mechanisms.
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“The oil-seed shell study found that pyrolysis of peanut-shell feedstock at 900 °C (PNS900) produced biochar with higher nitrogen content and graphitic structures compared with sunflower shell biochar (SFS900); PNS900 contained 11.4 % more carbon and exhibited enhanced stability [15].”
From Biomass-Derived Biochar for The Removal of Textile Dyes from Aqueous Solutions: A Review (2026) · cites this paper as [15]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Despite its very low BET surface area (2.1 m²/g), PNS900 removed 100 % of the anthraquinone dye Remazol Brilliant Blue at pH 6.5, whereas SFS900 with 85.7 m²/g required a higher dosage to achieve the same removal [15].”
From Biomass-Derived Biochar for The Removal of Textile Dyes from Aqueous Solutions: A Review (2026) · cites this paper as [15]
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“The same article reported that Congo Red adsorption peaked at around 89 % and decreased above pH 5.5 because negatively charged biochar surfaces repel anionic dye molecules .”
From Biomass-Derived Biochar for The Removal of Textile Dyes from Aqueous Solutions: A Review (2026) · cites this paper as [15]
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“Nitrogen doping introduces pyridinic and graphitic nitrogen that enhance ππ interactions and electron donor-acceptor complexes [15].”
From Biomass-Derived Biochar for The Removal of Textile Dyes from Aqueous Solutions: A Review (2026) · cites this paper as [15]
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“The oil-seed shell study showed that Congo Red adsorption decreased above pH 5.5 [15].”
From Biomass-Derived Biochar for The Removal of Textile Dyes from Aqueous Solutions: A Review (2026) · cites this paper as [15]
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“Mechanistic analysis suggested that π-π stacking, hydrogen bonding and anion-cation interactions contributed to dye binding [15].”
From Biomass-Derived Biochar for The Removal of Textile Dyes from Aqueous Solutions: A Review (2026) · cites this paper as [15]
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“Equilibrium was reached within 5 min for PNS900 but took 30 min for SFS900, indicating faster diffusion and adsorption in the nitrogen-rich biochar [15].”
From Biomass-Derived Biochar for The Removal of Textile Dyes from Aqueous Solutions: A Review (2026) · cites this paper as [15]
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Citations
Cites
Biochar physicochemical properties: pyrolysis temperature and feedstock kind effects
Tomczyk, A., Sokołowska, Z., & Boguta, P. (2020) · Reviews in Environmental Science and Bio/Technology · doi:10.1007/s11157-020-09523-3 · Cited by 2,948
Critical review in adsorption kinetic models
Qiu, H., Lv, L., Pan, B.-C., Zhang, Q.-J., Zhang, W.-M., & Zhang, Q.-X. (2009) · Journal of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE A · doi:10.1631/jzus.a0820524 · Cited by 1,776
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Fang, Q., Chen, B., Lin, Y., & Guan, Y. (2014) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/es403711y · Cited by 446
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Sorted by citations
Biomass-Derived Biochar for The Removal of Textile Dyes from Aqueous Solutions: A Review
Srijayathi, I., Boddupally, M., Qaiyum, M. A., & Ramesh, G. V. (2026) · EPJ Web of Conferences · doi:10.1051/epjconf/202635602007
Metadata
- Authors
- Sutradhar, S., Mondal, A., Kuehne, F., Krueger, O., Rakshit, S. K., & Kang, K.
- Venue
- Plants
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2024-03-13
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 820
- ISSN
- 2223-7747
- PMC
- PMC10975770
- Cited by
- 24
- References
- 4
- Language
- en
- Funders
- Canada Research Chair Program (Sudip Rakshit), NSERC (Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada) (RGPIN-2023-03289)
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