A review on emerging water contaminants and the application of sustainable removal technologies
Open accessAbstract
Emerging contaminants (ECs) are synthetic or naturally occurring chemicals or any microorganisms that are not commonly monitored in the environment but have the potential to enter the environment and cause known or suspected adverse ecological or human health effects. The issue of ECs persistent in the environment and can disrupt the physiology of target receptors, they are recognized as Contaminants of emerging environmental concerns. The prominent classes of ECs include pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs), plasticizers, surfactants, fire retardants, nanomaterials, and pesticides. Several ECs have been recognized as endocrine disruptive compounds (EDCs) due to their deleterious effects on endocrine systems (EDCs). The contaminants present in the aquatic environment resources are a major cause of concern for human health and the environment and safety concern. These contaminations have risen into a major threat to the water distribution system. The impact of emerging contaminants (ECs) such as medicines, x-ray media, endocrine disruptors, insecticides, and personal care items has been reported in surface water, wastewater, and groundwater sources worldwide in recent years. Various techniques have been explored for ECs degradation and removal to mitigate their harmful effect. Numerous prior or continuing investigations have focused on the degradation and removal of contaminants using a variety of treatment techniques, including (1) physical, (2) chemical, and (3) biological. However, experimental data is insufficient to provide precise predictions regarding the mechanistic degradation and removal fate of ECs across various in-practice systems. The membrane technology can remove particles as fine as 10 μm and colloidal particles, It can be effectively eliminated by up to 99% through the use of MBR and treatment technologies such as reverse osmosis, ultrafiltration, or nanofiltration at concentrations up to 5 g/liter. In this paper, the emerging contaminants overview, their sources, and their removal by application of various treatments based on recent studies have been presented.
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The concentration of pollutants in water sources is detected in the range of microgram per liter to milligram per liter.
“In general, the concentration of the pollutants in water sources are detected in the range of microgram per liter to milligram per liter [59,60].”
From Advanced Oxidation Processes for Degradation of Water Pollutants—Ambivalent Impact of Carbonate Species: A Review (2023) · cites this paper as [59]
The Introduction (page unavailable) says emerging contaminants typically occur at ng/L to μg/L levels in water. It supports detection at microgram-per-liter levels, but does not establish the claimed milligram-per-liter upper end. (LLM, conf=0.84)
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Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 4
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Ramesh, B., Saravanan, A., Senthil Kumar, P., Yaashikaa, P. R., Thamarai, P., Shaji, A., & Rangasamy, G. (2023) · Environmental Pollution · doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121572 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
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Mary Ealias, A., Meda, G., & Tanzil, K. (2024) · Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology · doi:10.1007/s44169-024-00067-z · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Hashim, N. M., Yahaya, N., & Zain, N. N. M. (2024) · Green Analytical Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.greeac.2024.100132 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
- Authors
- Kumar, R., Qureshi, M., Vishwakarma, D. K., Al-Ansari, N., Kuriqi, A., Elbeltagi, A., & Saraswat, A.
- Affiliations
- Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir (IN)
- Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology (IN)
- Luleå University of Technology (SE)
- University of Lisbon (PT)
- Mansoura University (EG)
- Corresponding author
- Vishwakarma, Dinesh Kumar
- ORCID
- Venue
- Case Studies in Chemical and Environmental Engineering
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2022-12
- Volume
- 6
- Pages
- 100219
- ISSN
- 2666-0164 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4281786850
- Cited by
- 498
- References
- 191
- Citations by year
- 2026: 87 · 2025: 151 · 2024: 135 · 2023: 115 · 2022: 10
- FWCI
- 29.96
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Case Studies in Chemical and Environmental Engineering (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Advanced oxidation water treatment
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Pharmaceutical and Antibiotic Environmental Impacts
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Environmental remediation with nanomaterials
- Keywords
- emerging contaminants, pharmaceuticals and personal care products, endocrine disruptors, plasticizers, surfactants, flame retardants, nanomaterials, pesticides, wastewater treatment, drinking water treatment, membrane bioreactor, reverse osmosis, ultrafiltration, nanofiltration, biodegradation, chemical degradation, pollutant removal
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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