Various FDM Mechanisms Used in the Fabrication of Continuous-Fiber Reinforced Composites: A Review
Open accessAbstract
Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) is an additive manufacturing technology that has emerged as a promising technique for fabricating 3D printed polymers. It has gained attention recently due to its ease of use, efficiency, low cost, and safety. However, 3D-printed FDM components lack sufficient strength compared to those made using conventional manufacturing methods. This low strength can be mainly attributed to high porosity and low sinterability of layers and then to the characteristics of the polymer used in the FDM process or the FDM process itself. Regarding polymer characteristics, there are two main types of reinforcing fibers: discontinuous (short) and continuous. Continuous-fiber reinforced composites are becoming popular in various industries due to their excellent mechanical properties. Since continuous reinforcing fibers have a more positive effect on increasing the strength of printed parts, this article focuses primarily on continuous long fibers. In addition to polymer characteristics, different mechanisms have been developed and introduced to address the issue of insufficient strength in 3D-printed FDM parts. This article comprehensively explains two main FDM mechanisms: in-situ fusion and ex-situ prepreg. It also provides relevant examples of these mechanisms using different reinforcing elements. Additionally, some other less frequently utilized mechanisms are discussed. Each mechanism has its own advantages and disadvantages, indicating that further development and modification are needed to increase the strength of 3D-printed FDM parts to be comparable to those produced using traditional methods.
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FDM yields PLCL scaffolds with relatively low resolution, making it unsuitable for fabricating scaffolds with intricate structural requirements.
“However, this technique yields PLCL scaffolds with relatively low resolution, making it unsuitable for fabricating scaffolds with intricate structural requirements [96, 97].”
From Application of PLCL as a biodegradable polymer in biomedical engineering (2026) · cites this paper as [96]
The Introduction describes FDM’s use in tissue engineering but identifies weak mechanical properties and layer delamination—not low resolution—as limitations. Searches for PLCL, scaffold resolution, and intricate structures found no passage addressing whether FDM can fabricate PLCL scaffolds with intricate structural requirements. (LLM, conf=0.76)
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Sustainable application of nanomaterial for finishing of textile material
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Flagged first, then by citations
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Application of PLCL as a biodegradable polymer in biomedical engineering
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- Authors
- Karimi, A., Rahmatabadi, D., & Baghani, M.
- Affiliations
- Sharif University of Technology (IR)
- University of Tehran (IR)
- Corresponding author
- Baghani, Mostafa
- Venue
- Polymers
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2024-03-18
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 831
- ISSN
- 2073-4360 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC10974595
- OpenAlex
- W4392915480
- Cited by
- 201
- References
- 130
- Citations by year
- 2026: 71 · 2025: 81 · 2024: 49
- FWCI
- 5.78
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Polymers (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Automotive Engineering › Additive Manufacturing and 3D Printing Technologies
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Mechanical Engineering › Fiber-reinforced polymer composites
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Building and Construction › Innovations in Concrete and Construction Materials
- Keywords
- fused deposition modeling, continuous fiber composites, 3D printing, in situ fusion, fiber-reinforced polymer, porosity, sinterability, short fiber reinforcement
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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