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Cited by 73Gas Sensing Nanomaterials and SensorsZnO doping and propertiesCatalytic Processes in Materials Science

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ppb-Level Selective Hydrogen Gas Detection of Pd-Functionalized In2O3-Loaded ZnO Nanofiber Gas Sensors

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Lee, Jae-Hyoung, Kim, Jae-Hun, Kim, Jin-Young, Mirzaei, Ali, Kim, Hyoun Woo, Kim, Sang Sub·2019·Sensors
DOI 10.3390/s19194276PMC PMC6806323
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Abstract

Pd nanoparticle-functionalized, xIn2O3 (x = 0.05, 0.1, and 0.15)-loaded ZnO nanofibers were synthesized by an electrospinning and ultraviolet (UV) irradiation method and assessed for their hydrogen gas sensing properties. Morphological and chemical analyses revealed the desired morphology and chemical composition of the synthesized nanofibers. The optimal gas sensor namely Pd-functionalized, 0.1In2O3-loaded ZnO nanofibers showed a very strong response to 172–50 ppb hydrogen gas at 350 °C, which is regarded as the optimal sensing temperature. Furthermore, the gas sensors showed excellent selectivity to hydrogen gas due to the much lower response to CO and NO2 gases. The enhanced gas response was attributed to the excellent catalytic activity of Pd to hydrogen gas, and the formation of Pd/ZnO and In2O3/ZnO heterojunctions, ZnO–ZnO homojunction, as well as the formation of PdHx. Overall, highly sensitive and selective hydrogen gas sensors can be produced based on a simple methodology using a synergistic effect from Pd functionalization and In2O3 loading in ZnO nanofibers.

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Figure 1 Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) images of In2O3-loaded ZnO nanofibers (NFs) with different amounts of In2O3 (a) as-spun In2O3-loaded ZnO NFs. (b) Calcined 0.05 In2O3-loaded ZnO NFs, (c) calcined 0.1 In2O3-loaded ZnO NFs (d) calcined 0.15 In2O3-loaded ZnO NFs. (e) FE-SEM images of calcined Pd nanoparticle (NP)-functionalized 0.1 In2O3-loaded ZnO NFs (f) XRD patterns of 0.1 In2O3-loaded ZnO NFs and Pd-functionalized 0.1 In2O3-loaded ZnO nanofibers. (g) A typical TEM image of 0.1 In2O3-loaded ZnO NFs. (h) High-resolution TEM (HRTEM) image of Pd NP-functionalized 0.1 In2O3-loaded ZnO NFs. (i-1)–(i-4) Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) elemental mapping analysis of Pd NP-functionalized 0.1 In2O3-loaded ZnO NFs.
Figure 1 Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) images of In2O3-loaded ZnO nanofibers (NFs) with different amounts of In2O3 (a) as-spun In2O3-loaded ZnO NFs. (b) Calcined 0.05 In2O3-loaded ZnO NFs, (c) calcined 0.1 In2O3-loaded ZnO NFs (d) calcined 0.15 In2O3-loaded ZnO NFs. (e) FE-SEM images of calcined Pd nanoparticle (NP)-functionalized 0.1 In2O3-loaded ZnO NFs (f) XRD patterns of 0.1 In2O3-loaded ZnO NFs and Pd-functionalized 0.1 In2O3-loaded ZnO nanofibers. (g) A typical TEM image of 0.1 In2O3-loaded ZnO NFs. (h) High-resolution TEM (HRTEM) image of Pd NP-functionalized 0.1 In2O3-loaded ZnO NFs. (i-1)–(i-4) Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) elemental mapping analysis of Pd NP-functionalized 0.1 In2O3-loaded ZnO NFs.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 2 (a) Dynamic resistance curves of the 0.1 In2O3-loaded ZnO NFs gas sensor to various concentrations of hydrogen gas at different temperatures. (b) Response versus sensing temperature. (c) Dynamic resistance curves of the In2O3-loaded ZnO NFs with different In2O3 loadings to various concentrations of hydrogen gas at 350 °C. (d) Calibration curves of pristine ZnO [42], pure Pd NPs (at 200 °C), and In2O3-loaded ZnO NFs with different In2O3 contents. (e) Dynamic resistance curves of 0.1 In2O3-loaded ZnO NFs and Pd NP-functionalized 0.1 In2O3-loaded ZnO NFs gas sensors to different concentrations of H2 at 350 °C. (f) Response versus H2 gas concentration. (g) Dynamic resistance curves of Pd NP-functionalized 0.1 In2O3-loaded ZnO NFs gas sensors to different concentrations of NO2, H2, and CO gases at 350 °C. (h) Selectivity histogram of Pd NP-functionalized 0.1 In2O3-loaded ZnO NFs gas sensor.
Figure 2 (a) Dynamic resistance curves of the 0.1 In2O3-loaded ZnO NFs gas sensor to various concentrations of hydrogen gas at different temperatures. (b) Response versus sensing temperature. (c) Dynamic resistance curves of the In2O3-loaded ZnO NFs with different In2O3 loadings to various concentrations of hydrogen gas at 350 °C. (d) Calibration curves of pristine ZnO [42], pure Pd NPs (at 200 °C), and In2O3-loaded ZnO NFs with different In2O3 contents. (e) Dynamic resistance curves of 0.1 In2O3-loaded ZnO NFs and Pd NP-functionalized 0.1 In2O3-loaded ZnO NFs gas sensors to different concentrations of H2 at 350 °C. (f) Response versus H2 gas concentration. (g) Dynamic resistance curves of Pd NP-functionalized 0.1 In2O3-loaded ZnO NFs gas sensors to different concentrations of NO2, H2, and CO gases at 350 °C. (h) Selectivity histogram of Pd NP-functionalized 0.1 In2O3-loaded ZnO NFs gas sensor.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 3 (a) Dynamic resistance curves of the fresh and 12-months-aged Pd NP-functionalized 0.1 In2O3-loaded ZnO NFs gas sensor. (b) Corresponding calibration curves.
Figure 3 (a) Dynamic resistance curves of the fresh and 12-months-aged Pd NP-functionalized 0.1 In2O3-loaded ZnO NFs gas sensor. (b) Corresponding calibration curves.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 4 (a,c,e) ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS) spectra of ZnO, In2O3, and Pd. (b,d,f) cutoff values of UPS spectra for ZnO, In2O3, and Pd, respectively.
Figure 4 (a,c,e) ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS) spectra of ZnO, In2O3, and Pd. (b,d,f) cutoff values of UPS spectra for ZnO, In2O3, and Pd, respectively.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 5 (a) Energy levels of In2O3 and ZnO before and after contact in a vacuum. (b) Energy levels of ZnO and In2O3 after contact in air and hydrogen atmospheres. (c) Energy levels of Pd and ZnO before and after contact in air and hydrogen atmospheres. (d) Electronic and chemical sensitization effects of Pd.
Figure 5 (a) Energy levels of In2O3 and ZnO before and after contact in a vacuum. (b) Energy levels of ZnO and In2O3 after contact in air and hydrogen atmospheres. (c) Energy levels of Pd and ZnO before and after contact in air and hydrogen atmospheres. (d) Electronic and chemical sensitization effects of Pd.CC BY · PubMed Central

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Authors
Lee, J.-H., Kim, J.-H., Kim, J.-Y., Mirzaei, A., Kim, H. W., & Kim, S. S.
Affiliations
  • Inha University (KR)
  • Shiraz University of Technology (IR)
  • Hanyang University (KR)
Corresponding author
Kim, Sang Sub
ORCID
Venue
Sensors
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2019-10-02
Volume
19
Issue
19
Pages
4276
ISSN
1424-8220 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3390/s19194276
PMC
PMC6806323
OpenAlex
W2977594736
Cited by
73
References
0
Citations by year
2026: 5 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 6
FWCI
2.79
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Sensors (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Gas Sensing Nanomaterials and Sensors
  • Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Materials Chemistry › ZnO doping and properties
  • Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Materials Chemistry › Catalytic Processes in Materials Science
Keywords
hydrogen detection, ZnO nanofibers, palladium nanoparticles, electrospun nanofibers, UV irradiation, PdHx, gas selectivity, gas sensors

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Lee, J.-H., Kim, J.-H., Kim, J.-Y., Mirzaei, A., Kim, H. W., & Kim, S. S. (2019). ppb-Level Selective Hydrogen Gas Detection of Pd-Functionalized In2O3-Loaded ZnO Nanofiber Gas Sensors. Sensors. https://doi.org/10.3390/s19194276