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Recent Advances on Jamming and Spoofing Detection in GNSS
Abstract
Increased interest in the development and integration of navigation and positioning services into a wide range of receivers makes them susceptible to a variety of security attacks such as Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) jamming and spoofing attacks. The availability of low-cost devices including software-defined radios (SDRs) provides a wide accessibility of affordable platforms that can be used to perform these attacks. Early detection of jamming and spoofing interferences is essential for mitigation and avoidance of service degradation. For these reasons, the development of efficient detection methods has become an important research topic and a number of effective methods has been reported in the literature. This survey offers the reader a comprehensive and systematic review of methods for detection of GNSS jamming and spoofing interferences. The categorization and classification of selected methods according to specific parameters and features is provided with a focus on recent advances in the field. Although many different detection methods have been reported, significant research efforts toward developing new and more efficient methods remain ongoing. These efforts are driven by the rapid development and increased number of attacks that pose high-security risks. The presented review of GNSS jamming and spoofing detection methods may be used for the selection of the most appropriate solution for specific purposes and constraints and also to provide a reference for future research.
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“GPS spoo ng occurs when false GPS signals are transmitted to mislead navigational systems; shipboard systems lock on to the false signal and if not identi ed by the bridge watch keeper, these can lead to a loss of situational awareness, navigational errors and increased risk of maritime accidents (Radoš et al., 2024).”
From Emerging Maritime Threats in Global Geopolitics: GPS Spoofing as a Tool of Hybrid Warfare in Strategic Maritime Chokepoints (2026) · cites this paper as Radoš et al., 2024
In the citing paper
“Multiple instances of GNSS signal spoo ng have illustrated that such manipulations can be executed even with inexpensive equipment and minimal expertise (Radoš et al., 2024), reducing the threshold for malicious attacks with potentially severe repercussions.”
From Emerging Maritime Threats in Global Geopolitics: GPS Spoofing as a Tool of Hybrid Warfare in Strategic Maritime Chokepoints (2026) · cites this paper as Radoš et al., 2024
In the citing paper
“The proliferation of software-de ned radio (SDR) technology has dramatically reduced the cost and complexity of GPS spoo ng equipment, enabling a wider range of actors to develop offensive capabilities (Radoš et al., 2024).”
From Emerging Maritime Threats in Global Geopolitics: GPS Spoofing as a Tool of Hybrid Warfare in Strategic Maritime Chokepoints (2026) · cites this paper as Radoš et al., 2024
In the citing paper
“These receivers can identify inconsistencies between expected and received signal parameters that indicate potential spoo ng attempts (Radoš et al., 2024).”
From Emerging Maritime Threats in Global Geopolitics: GPS Spoofing as a Tool of Hybrid Warfare in Strategic Maritime Chokepoints (2026) · cites this paper as Radoš et al., 2024
In the citing paper
“Academic research has demonstrated that effective GPS spoofers can be constructed for a few hundred dollars using commercially available components, lowering the barrier to entry for criminal organizations and terrorist groups.”
From Emerging Maritime Threats in Global Geopolitics: GPS Spoofing as a Tool of Hybrid Warfare in Strategic Maritime Chokepoints (2026) · cites this paper as Radoš et al., 2024
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Cited by
Rodriguez-Diaz, E., Santamaria, M., Prieto, J. M., & Alcaide, J. I. (2026) · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-8901159/v1
Metadata
- Authors
- Radoš, K., Brkić, M., & Begušić, D.
- Affiliations
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture (FESB), University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia
- Ericsson Nikola Tesla d.d., 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- ORCID
- Radoš, Katarina
- Venue
- Sensors
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2024-06-28
- Volume
- 24
- Issue
- 13
- Pages
- 4210
- ISSN
- 1424-8220
- Cited by
- 154
- References
- 0
- Language
- en
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