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Cited by 9Blockchain Technology Applications and SecurityIoT and Edge/Fog ComputingInternet of Things and AI

Blockchain-Facilitated Cybersecurity for Ubiquitous Internet of Things with Space–Air–Ground Integrated Networks: A Survey

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Zhao, Wenbing, Yang, Shunkun, Luo, Xiong·2025·Sensors
DOI 10.3390/s25020383PMC PMC11768750
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Abstract

This article presents a systematic review on blockchain-facilitated cybersecurity solutions for Internet of Things (IoT) devices in space–air–ground integrated networks (SAGIN). First, we identify the objectives and the context of the blockchain-based solutions for SAGIN. Although, typically, the blockchain is primarily used to enhance the trustworthiness of some systems or operations, it is necessary to document exactly in what context the blockchain is used that is specific to the IoT and SAGIN. Second, we investigate how blockchain technology is used to achieve the objectives. Again, we want to report the technical details on how blockchain is used in this specific field instead of general discussion. Third, we provide a critique on the technical correctness of the blockchain-based solutions. As we elaborate in this article, there are serious technical issues in the proposed solutions. The most pervasive assumption made in many blockchain-based solutions is that higher-level trustworthiness can be achieved by using any form of blockchain. Fourth, we provide a guideline on when blockchain technology could be useful for IoT and SAGIN and what types of blockchain could be useful to enhance the security of ubiquitous IoT in SAGIN.

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  • Smith et al. propose a blockchain-based architecture tailored for IoT systems, emphasizing its potential for real-time data processing and secure communication in distributed environments.

    “For instance, Smith et al. [18] propose a blockchain-based architecture tailored for IoT systems, emphasizing its potential for real-time data processing and secure communication in distributed environments.”

    From IoT and Blockchain for Support for Smart Contracts Through TpM (2025) · cites this paper as [18]

    The Introduction (page unavailable) says blockchain has been proposed to enhance security in SAGIN-based systems, which supports the general security context. But the Abstract identifies this paper as a systematic review by Zhao, Yang, and Luo—not an architecture proposed by Smith et al.—and the cited passages do not establish real-time data processing as a capability of such an architecture. (LLM, conf=0.84)

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Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Zhao, W., Yang, S., & Luo, X.
Affiliations
  • Cleveland State University (US)
  • Beihang University (CN)
  • University of Science and Technology Beijing (CN)
Corresponding author
Zhao, Wenbing
ORCID
Venue
Sensors
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2025-01-10
Volume
25
Issue
2
Pages
383
ISSN
1424-8220 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3390/s25020383
PMC
PMC11768750
OpenAlex
W4406242054
Cited by
9
References
0
Citations by year
2026: 5 · 2025: 4
FWCI
1.38
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Sensors (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders
  • US NSF (2215388, L211020, M21032)
  • Beijing Natural Science Foundation (2215388, L211020, M21032)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
  • Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Networks and Communications › IoT and Edge/Fog Computing
  • Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Internet of Things and AI
Keywords
blockchain, Internet of Things security, space-air-ground integrated networks, trustworthiness

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