Blockchain for internet of things: a survey
Open accessAbstract
Internet of Things (IoT) is reshaping the incumbent industry to smart industry featured with data-driven decision-making. However, intrinsic features of IoT result in a number of challenges, such as decentralization, poor interoperability, privacy, and security vulnerabilities. Blockchain technology brings the opportunities in addressing the challenges of IoT. In this paper, we investigate the integration of blockchain technology with IoT. We name such synthesis of blockchain and IoT as blockchain of things (BCoT). This paper presents an in-depth survey of BCoT and discusses the insights of this new paradigm. In particular, we first briefly introduce IoT and discuss the challenges of IoT. Then, we give an overview of blockchain technology. We next concentrate on introducing the convergence of blockchain and IoT and presenting the proposal of BCoT architecture. We further discuss the issues about using blockchain for fifth generation beyond in IoT as well as industrial applications of BCoT. Finally, we outline the open research directions in this promising area.
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In supply chain management, blockchain-powered IoT solutions enhance transparency by tracking movement of goods and ensuring product origins, quality, and ethical sourcing throughout the supply chain.
“In supply chain management, blockchain-powered IoT solutions enhance transparency by tracking the movement of goods and ensuring product origins, quality, and ethical sourcing throughout the entire supply chain, as demonstrated by various pilot projects [16].”
From IoT and Blockchain for Support for Smart Contracts Through TpM (2025) · cites this paper as [16]
The Supply chain management section (p. 12) describes blockchain–IoT identification of parts as tamper-resistant and traceable, while the Food industry section (p. 12) describes tracing products from their sources and inspecting quality. These passages support transparency, provenance, and quality checks, but do not establish ethical sourcing or demonstrate those benefits throughout the entire supply chain. The paper discusses proposals and a prototype, rather than identifying them collectively as pilot projects. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredBlockchain's permission management capabilities empower users with greater control over their data, enhancing data ownership and privacy.
“In addition, users are empowered with greater control over their data through blockchain’s permission management capabilities.”
From IoT and Blockchain for Support for Smart Contracts Through TpM (2025) · cites this paper as [16]
The Taxonomy of Blockchain Systems (p. 7) says private and consortium blockchains can assign users different levels of permission to read data or initiate transactions. It does not say that users themselves manage those permissions or thereby gain greater control or ownership of their data. The discussion of privacy in Key Characteristics (p. 5) also cautions that blockchain provides only limited privacy. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredData collected by sensors can trigger execution of smart contracts, eliminating manual intervention and potential human error.
“Data collected by sensors can trigger the execution of smart contracts, eliminating the need for manual intervention and potential human error.”
From IoT and Blockchain for Support for Smart Contracts Through TpM (2025) · cites this paper as [16]
The Smart Contract section (p. 6) says that satisfying a condition automatically executes the corresponding contract function, and the Introduction (p. 1) links smart contracts to IoT interactions without human intervention. The cited passages do not specify that sensor-collected data triggers execution or say that automation eliminates potential human error. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIntegrating smart contracts with IoT devices enables secure and automated decision-making based on predefined conditions.
“Integrating smart contracts with IoT devices enables secure and automated decision-making based on predefined conditions.”
From IoT and Blockchain for Support for Smart Contracts Through TpM (2025) · cites this paper as [16]
IoT devices are equipped with limited bandwidth capabilities.
“IoT devices are equipped with limited bandwidth capabilities [288].”
From A survey on the adoption of blockchain in IoT: challenges and solutions (2021) · cites this paper as [288]
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Catalyzing Cloud-Fog Interoperation in 5G Wireless Networks: An SDN Approach
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Cloud Computing for Cloud Manufacturing: Benefits and Limitations
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The evolution of the bitcoin economy
Tasca, P., Hayes, A. S., & Liu, S. (2018) · The Journal of Risk Finance · doi:10.1108/jrf-03-2017-0059 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
PrivTrie: Effective Frequent Term Discovery under Local Differential Privacy
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Life Cycle of Smart Contracts in Blockchain Ecosystems
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An Online Identity and Smart Contract Management System
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Securing configuration management and migration of virtual network functions using blockchain
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An Empirical Analysis of Traceability in the Monero Blockchain
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Analysis of Blockchain Use Cases in the Citizens Broadband Radio Service Spectrum Sharing Concept
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Self-citationNext generation of radio spectrum management: Licensed shared access for 5G
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“Another recent survey is proposed in [164], which highlights the”
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“In supply chain management, blockchain-powered IoT solutions enhance transparency by tracking the movement of goods and ensuring product origins, quality, and ethical sourcing throughout the entire supply chain, as demonstrated by various pilot projects [16].”
Influential
- Authors
- Dai, H.-N., Zheng, Z., & Zhang, Y.
- Affiliations
- Macau University of Science and Technology (MO)
- Sun Yat-sen University (CN)
- Simula Metropolitan Center for Digital Engineering (NO)
- Venue
- IEEE Internet of Things Journal
- Published
- 2019-10
- Volume
- 6
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 8076-8094
- ISSN
- 2327-4662 (ISSN-L)
- 2372-2541
- OpenAlex
- W2947690458
- Cited by
- 1,246
- References
- 114
- Citations by year
- 2026: 59 · 2025: 115 · 2024: 175 · 2023: 241 · 2022: 243 · 2021: 232 · 2020: 161 · 2019: 20
- FWCI
- 204.06
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- arxiv.org
- Licence
- Locations
- IEEE Internet of Things Journal (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Funders
- National Basic Research Program of China (2016YFB1000101)
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (61722214, U1811462)
- Macao Science and Technology Development Fund (0026/2018/A1)
- Program for Guangdong Introducing Innovative and Entrepreneurial Teams (2016ZT06D211)
- European Union’s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme through the Marie Skłodowska-Curie (824019)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Networks and Communications › IoT and Edge/Fog Computing
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Internet of Things and AI
- Keywords
- blockchain, Internet of Things, Internet of Things security, IoT privacy, interoperability, decentralization (distributed systems)
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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