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Cited by 4Blockchain Technology Applications and SecurityInternet of Things and AIIoT and Edge/Fog Computing

IoT and Blockchain for Support for Smart Contracts Through TpM

Open access
Yamaguti, Renan, Ferreira, Luiz Carlos B. C., Lui Motta, Lucas, Montali Assumpção, Raphael, Branquinho, Omar C., Iervolino, Gustavo, Cardieri, Paulo·2025·Sensors
DOI 10.3390/s25165001PMC PMC12389772
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Abstract

This paper investigates the integration of Internet of things (IoT) technology with blockchain to enhance transparency, accountability, and operational efficiency in smart contract execution for IoT ecosystems. The proposed approach extends the Three-Phase Methodology (TpM) by introducing an innovative entity, the IoT Operator, which acts as a custody caretaker, contract enforcer, and mediator. By leveraging blockchain’s secure and immutable ledger, the IoT Operator ensures the reliable monitoring and governance of IoT applications. A PoC implementation conducted at the Eldorado Research Institute demonstrates the methodology’s effectiveness, realizing a significant reduction of 95.83% in equipment search time. This work highlights the practical advantages of integrating blockchain and IoT within a structured framework, emphasizing the need for tailored, application-specific solutions rather than generic decentralization. The findings offer actionable guidelines for implementing blockchain in IoT systems, paving the way for more secure, efficient, and resilient IoT applications.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

This paper extends the Three-Phase Methodology (TpM) for IoT projects into TpM+ by adding an “IoT Operator” that uses blockchain and smart contracts to act as custody caretaker, contract enforcer, and mediator. A proof of concept at the Eldorado Research Institute reduced average equipment search time from 2 h to 5 min, a 95.83% improvement.

Key findings

  • The TpM+ PoC reduced the average time to locate testing equipment from 2 h to 5 min, achieving a 95.83% reduction.
  • The blockchain-backed audit trail recorded 87 access events across three unique rooms, involving two equipment units and three users, with access levels “Operator” and “Admin”; all events were fully finalized with no contract violations.
  • The IoT Operator enforces accountability by linking every asset interaction to an authenticated user and automatically triggering a smart contract if equipment is used for more than 24 h.
  • The paper reports qualitative benefits including improved transparency, tamper-proof records, reduced unauthorized equipment usage, and more responsible operator behavior due to accountability mechanisms.

Methods

  • The work proposes TpM+, an extension of TpM that adds an independent IoT Operator integrated at Levels 3–5, using blockchain and smart contracts for custody, enforcement, and mediation.
  • A proof of concept was implemented at the Eldorado Research Institute in Campinas, Brazil, to replace paper-based testing-equipment tracking with an IoT solution using RFID, Raspberry Pi 5 with Python 3.12, SQL storage, Flask, and a web interface.
  • Evaluation compared average equipment search time before and after implementation, and examined blockchain audit records for access events, user/equipment/room traceability, and contract compliance.

Limitations

  • The paper states that future studies could involve partnering with larger organizations across various industries to test the scalability of TpM+ and identify potential modifications needed for broader deployment.
  • Evident from the text: the quantitative evaluation is limited to a single PoC at one institute, with only 87 access events, two equipment units, three users, and three rooms, and it reports no statistical test or control group.
  • Evident from the text: the hybrid consensus model, REST/JWT security, and AES encryption are described as implemented, but the paper does not provide performance benchmarks or security evaluation for these mechanisms.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.3390/s25165001

Cites

23 of 23 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

15 of 28 cited sources checked · 5 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured

  • Premisecitation

    Blockchain's tamper-proof storage and auditability mitigate traditional data security concerns in resource-constrained IoT devices.

    “Traditional concerns surrounding data security in resource-constrained IoT devices are mitigated by blockchain’s tamper-proof storage and auditability, as highlighted by [14].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [14] Bodemer, O. (2023). Blockchain for IoT: A Critical Review of the State-of-the-Art, Challenges, and Future Prospects. Authorea Prepr. source

      The “Enhancing Data Security and Privacy” section says blockchain can enable secure, transparent IoT data management and mitigate risks of breaches and unauthorized access. The “Background” section describes immutable records. Neither section establishes auditability or shows that these benefits specifically mitigate security concerns in resource-constrained IoT devices; the paper frames the benefits as promising rather than demonstrated. (LLM, conf=0.84)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Findingown data

    A PoC implementation at the Eldorado Research Institute reduced equipment search time by 95.83%.

    “A PoC implementation conducted at the Eldorado Research Institute demonstrates the methodology’s effectiveness, realizing a significant reduction of 95.83% in equipment search time.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    The time required to locate misplaced equipment was reduced from an average of 2 h to 5 min.

    “The time required to locate misplaced equipment was reduced from an average of 2 h to just 5 min, achieving a 95.83% improvement.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    The IoT solution reduced the time to find equipment from 2 h to 5 min, a 95.83% reduction.

    “By reducing the time to find equipment from 2 h to 5 min, the solution delivered a remarkable 95.83% reduction.”
    • Also stated in: § 6. Conclusions · boosted
      “The results were significant, demonstrating a remarkable 95.83% reduction in equipment search time.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingreasoning

    Operator users, aware of the accountability mechanisms in place, exhibited more responsible behavior when handling equipment.

    “Moreover, it was observed that Operator users, who are aware of the accountability mechanisms in place, exhibited more responsible behavior when handling equipment.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 67
  • May combine two claims. 49
  • The quote only partly states this claim. 3

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Blockchain offers secure storage and access control for sensitive medical data in the healthcare sector, empowering patients with ownership and improving data management practices.

    “Furthermore, blockchain offers secure storage and access control for sensitive medical data in the healthcare sector, empowering patients with ownership and improving data management practices [15].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [15] Almalki, 2023, State-of-the-Art Research in Blockchain of Things for HealthCare, Arab. J. Sci. Eng. source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Blockchain's permission management capabilities empower users with greater control over their data, enhancing data ownership and privacy.

    “In addition, users are empowered with greater control over their data through blockchain’s permission management capabilities.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [16] Dai, 2019, Blockchain for Internet of Things: A survey, IEEE Internet Things J. source

      The Taxonomy of Blockchain Systems (p. 7) says private and consortium blockchains can assign users different levels of permission to read data or initiate transactions. It does not say that users themselves manage those permissions or thereby gain greater control or ownership of their data. The discussion of privacy in Key Characteristics (p. 5) also cautions that blockchain provides only limited privacy. (LLM, conf=0.82)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    Integrating smart contracts with IoT devices enables secure and automated decision-making based on predefined conditions.

    “Integrating smart contracts with IoT devices enables secure and automated decision-making based on predefined conditions.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [16] Dai, 2019, Blockchain for Internet of Things: A survey, IEEE Internet Things J. source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Smith et al. propose a blockchain-based architecture tailored for IoT systems, emphasizing its potential for real-time data processing and secure communication in distributed environments.

    “For instance, Smith et al. [18] propose a blockchain-based architecture tailored for IoT systems, emphasizing its potential for real-time data processing and secure communication in distributed environments.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [18] Zhao, W., Yang, S., and Luo, X. (2025). Blockchain-Facilitated Cybersecurity for Ubiquitous Internet of Things with Space–Air–Ground Integrated Networks: A Survey. Sensors, 25. source

      The Introduction (page unavailable) says blockchain has been proposed to enhance security in SAGIN-based systems, which supports the general security context. But the Abstract identifies this paper as a systematic review by Zhao, Yang, and Luo—not an architecture proposed by Smith et al.—and the cited passages do not establish real-time data processing as a capability of such an architecture. (LLM, conf=0.84)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Blockchain operates on a decentralized consensus mechanism, eliminating reliance on a centralized entity for transaction validation.

    “Blockchain operates on a decentralized consensus mechanism, eliminating the reliance on a centralized entity for transaction validation.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [13] Shrimali, 2022, Blockchain state-of-the-art: Architecture, use cases, consensus, challenges and opportunities, J. King Saud Univ. Comput. Inf. Sci. source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The sequential nature of the blockchain ensures that execution of any transaction depends on successful execution of all preceding transactions.

    “The sequential nature of the chain ensures that the execution of any transaction depends on the successful execution of all preceding transactions, establishing a robust system of trust and data integrity [13].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [13] Shrimali, 2022, Blockchain state-of-the-art: Architecture, use cases, consensus, challenges and opportunities, J. King Saud Univ. Comput. Inf. Sci. source

      Section 2.1 (Architecture) says that execution of the current transaction depends on previously committed transactions, and describes validation and hash-linking that protect transaction integrity. It does not say that every transaction requires the successful execution of all preceding transactions; that universal requirement is stronger than the passage supports. Page numbers are not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.84)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In the energy sector, smart grids equipped with IoT sensors and smart contracts can facilitate automated energy trading based on real-time energy consumption data, enabling peer-to-peer transactions and optimized resource utilization.

    “Similarly, in the energy sector, smart grids equipped with IoT sensors and smart contracts can facilitate automated energy trading based on real-time energy consumption data, enabling peer-to-peer transactions and optimized resource utilization [19].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [19] Yang, 2021, Blockchain-based decentralized energy management platform for residential distributed energy resources in a virtual power plant, Appl. Energy source

      Section 4.3 (p. 11) describes smart meters submitting energy-trading decisions to a smart contract, which automatically computes variables used to reach an optimal energy schedule. Section 5.2.4 (p. 13) describes peer-to-peer trading that lets users benefit from differing generation and load profiles. The paper does not establish the claimed use of IoT sensors or real-time consumption data as the basis for those transactions. (LLM, conf=0.87)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Integrating blockchain with smart grids facilitates secure and transparent energy trading, enabling peer-to-peer transactions and efficient resource management.

    “Similarly, integrating blockchain with smart grids facilitates secure and transparent energy trading, enabling peer-to-peer transactions and efficient resource management [17].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [17] Khan, 2022, Internet of Things (IoT) security with blockchain technology: A state-of-the-art review, IEEE Access source

      The Motivation and Proposed Framework sections describe secure, transparent blockchain transactions over peer-to-peer networks in industrial IoT; page numbers are unavailable in our copy. They do not address smart grids, energy trading, or resource management in that setting, so the claim extends the paper's discussion to an unsupported application. (LLM, conf=0.86)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Validated transactions are grouped into blocks and cryptographically linked to form an immutable chain of records.

    “Validated transactions are then grouped into blocks and cryptographically linked to form an immutable chain of records.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [13] Shrimali, 2022, Blockchain state-of-the-art: Architecture, use cases, consensus, challenges and opportunities, J. King Saud Univ. Comput. Inf. Sci. source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Data collected by sensors can trigger execution of smart contracts, eliminating manual intervention and potential human error.

    “Data collected by sensors can trigger the execution of smart contracts, eliminating the need for manual intervention and potential human error.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [16] Dai, 2019, Blockchain for Internet of Things: A survey, IEEE Internet Things J. source

      The Smart Contract section (p. 6) says that satisfying a condition automatically executes the corresponding contract function, and the Introduction (p. 1) links smart contracts to IoT interactions without human intervention. The cited passages do not specify that sensor-collected data triggers execution or say that automation eliminates potential human error. (LLM, conf=0.84)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationcitation

    The IoT Operator uses cryptographic logic to analyze contractual stipulations in relation to safeguarded data, identifying relevant clauses and provisions that inform potential solutions to disagreements.

    “Its algorithms meticulously analyze the contractual stipulations in relation to the data it safeguards, identifying relevant clauses and provisions that inform potential solutions.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [23] Raikwar, 2019, SoK of used cryptography in blockchain, IEEE Access source

      The Lightweight Cryptography section discusses safeguarding IoT data, and the Oblivious Transfer section mentions contract signing and smart contracts (page numbers unavailable). Neither describes an IoT Operator analyzing contractual clauses to identify solutions to disagreements. Searches for contractual stipulations and for IoT dispute resolution found no passage addressing that process. (LLM, conf=0.76)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • Rests on an assumption: The IoT Operator’s algorithms can accurately interpret smart contracts and analyze blockchain data to resolve disputes.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In supply chain management, blockchain-powered IoT solutions enhance transparency by tracking movement of goods and ensuring product origins, quality, and ethical sourcing throughout the supply chain.

    “In supply chain management, blockchain-powered IoT solutions enhance transparency by tracking the movement of goods and ensuring product origins, quality, and ethical sourcing throughout the entire supply chain, as demonstrated by various pilot projects [16].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [16] Dai, 2019, Blockchain for Internet of Things: A survey, IEEE Internet Things J. source

      The Supply chain management section (p. 12) describes blockchain–IoT identification of parts as tamper-resistant and traceable, while the Food industry section (p. 12) describes tracing products from their sources and inspecting quality. These passages support transparency, provenance, and quality checks, but do not establish ethical sourcing or demonstrate those benefits throughout the entire supply chain. The paper discusses proposals and a prototype, rather than identifying them collectively as pilot projects. (LLM, conf=0.88)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    The implementation incorporates AES encryption using private keys to safeguard data at rest, providing an additional layer of security, protecting sensitive information, providing search agility, and enforcing contracts.

    “Furthermore, to safeguard data at rest, the implementation incorporates AES encryption, leveraging private keys as documented in [29]. This encryption mechanism provides an additional layer of security, protecting sensitive information stored within the system, providing search agility, and enforcing contracts.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [29] Sood, R., and Kaur, H. (2023). A literature review on rsa, des and aes encryption algorithms. Emerging Trends in Engineering and Management, SCRS. source

      The AES section describes encryption using a key, and the Introduction says encryption can protect sensitive files. But the Introduction distinguishes symmetric-key encryption from public/private-key encryption, while the Comparative Study classifies AES as symmetric. The paper does not document this implementation, search agility, or contract enforcement; no page numbers are available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.87)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Blockchain's inherent strengths-immutability and speed-establish a transparent, verifiable record of custody for the Executive level.

    “While relational and NoSQL databases may be used at this level, blockchain’s inherent strengths—immutability and speed [4]—establish a transparent, verifiable record of custody for the Executive level.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [4] Kamath, 2018, Food traceability on blockchain: Walmart’s pork and mango pilots with IBM, J. Br. Blockchain Assoc. source

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given

    The IoT Operator ensured accountability by linking every asset interaction to an authenticated user, reducing unauthorized equipment usage and potential losses.

    “Additionally, the IoT Operator ensured accountability by linking every asset interaction to an authenticated user, reducing unauthorized equipment usage and potential losses.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Room 1 recorded the highest number of interactions, with Equipment "84:66:39:91" being accessed the most frequently.

    “Room 1 recorded the highest number of interactions, with Equipment “84:66:39:91” being accessed the most frequently.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given

    Each transaction is associated with a unique UserID, ensuring traceability and accountability.

    “Each transaction is associated with a unique UserID, ensuring traceability and accountability.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given

    Every event is fully finalized, ensuring all transactions are completed and validated, meaning there is no violation of the contracts.

    “Every event is fully finalized, ensuring that all transactions are completed and validated, meaning that there is no violation of the contracts.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingnone given

    All access interactions are associated with two access levels: "Operator" and "Admin".

    “All access interactions are associated with two access levels: “Operator” and “Admin”.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

    Interpretationreasoning

    Through its roles as custody caretaker, contract enforcer, and mediator, the IoT Operator provides the necessary infrastructure to ensure secure, accountable, and automated IoT operations within the TpM+ framework.

    “Through its roles as a custody caretaker, contract enforcer, and mediator, the IoT Operator provides the necessary infrastructure to ensure secure, accountable, and automated IoT operations within the TpM+ framework.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Centralized consensus within clusters streamlines implementing changes or resolving disputes, leading to faster and more efficient governance.

    “Scalability: Centralized consensus within clusters streamlines the process of implementing changes or resolving disputes, leading to faster and more efficient governance.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

    Interpretationreasoning

    Integrating blockchain and smart contracts into a structured IoT framework requires a dedicated entity capable of orchestrating decentralized security, automating governance, and ensuring seamless interoperability across diverse systems.

    “However, integrating these technologies into a structured IoT framework requires a dedicated entity capable of orchestrating decentralized security, automating governance, and ensuring seamless interoperability across diverse systems.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    TpM-Pro lacks mechanisms for automated governance and compliance; it does not incorporate tools to enforce business rules, legal regulations, or SLAs in an automated and verifiable manner.

    “Automated governance and compliance—the methodology does not incorporate tools to enforce business rules, legal regulations, or service-level agreements (SLAs) in an automated and verifiable manner.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The IoT Operator acts as a meticulous custodian, overseeing monitoring data generated by interconnected devices and tracking location and historical movements of each "Thing" within the system.

    “It acts as a meticulous custodian, overseeing the extensive flow of monitoring data generated by interconnected devices.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The auditability of transactions enhanced trust between stakeholders and simplified compliance with internal policies and external regulations.

    “The auditability of transactions enhanced trust between stakeholders, simplifying compliance with internal policies and external regulations.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The IoT Operator, acting as a trusted intermediary, mitigates risks associated with centralized architectures, enforces compliance through smart contracts, and establishes a transparent, verifiable ecosystem for IoT deployments.

    “By acting as a trusted intermediary, the IoT Operator mitigates the risks associated with centralized architectures, enforces compliance through smart contracts, and establishes a transparent, verifiable ecosystem for IoT deployments.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • The authors state this as an assumption: The IoT Operator can act as an independent, impartial, trusted intermediary and mediator.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The IoT Operator's role in mitigating disagreements hinges on the immutable audit trail provided by the blockchain ledger and a neutral ground for resolution.

    “The Operator’s role in mitigating disagreements hinges on two key pillars:The immutable audit trail: The blockchain ledger serves as an irrefutable record of every action and data point within the system.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • The authors state this as an assumption: The IoT Operator can act as an independent, impartial, trusted intermediary and mediator.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In supply chain management, smart contracts can automatically trigger payments upon successful delivery of goods confirmed by IoT sensors, streamlining financial transactions and enhancing trust between trading partners.

    “In supply chain management, smart contracts can automatically trigger payments upon the successful delivery of goods, confirmed by IoT sensors, streamlining financial transactions and enhancing trust between trading partners [20].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [20] Rajasekaran, 2022, A comprehensive survey on blockchain technology, Sustain. Energy Technol. Assess. source

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    TpM+ introduces the IoT Operator as a dedicated custodial entity to guarantee irrevocable data custody, safeguarding every transaction and data point and ensuring their immutability.

    “To guarantee irrevocable data custody within the TpM+ framework, the proposal introduces the IoT Operator as a dedicated custodial entity.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [24] Mohammed, 2021, Blockchain-Based Supply Chain Traceability: Tokenization, Digital Twins, and Oracles, IEEE Access

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    Within TpM+, the IoT Operator serves as a custody caretaker, contract enforcer, and fair mediator integrated into a single entity.

    “It serves as a custody caretaker, contract enforcer, and fair mediator, all integrated into a single entity.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    Automated contract execution prevented delays and inconsistencies in equipment handovers, streamlining operations.

    “The automated contract execution prevented delays and inconsistencies in equipment handovers, further streamlining operations.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationreasoning

    Blockchain and smart contracts have emerged as essential tools for addressing security, trust, and automation challenges in IoT development.

    “Given these limitations, blockchain and smart contracts have emerged as essential tools for addressing security, trust, and automation challenges in IoT development.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationreasoning

    The IoT Operator acts as an impartial interpreter of smart contracts, analyzing each clause and provision to ensure every interaction aligns with the contract's intent.

    “The Operator also acts as the impartial interpreter of smart contracts, with its algorithms meticulously analyzing each clause and provision.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The IoT Operator’s algorithms can accurately interpret smart contracts and analyze blockchain data to resolve disputes.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationreasoning

    By leveraging blockchain's secure and immutable ledger, the IoT Operator ensures reliable monitoring and governance of IoT applications.

    “By leveraging blockchain’s secure and immutable ledger, the IoT Operator ensures the reliable monitoring and governance of IoT applications.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    TpM-Pro lacks mechanisms for decentralized security and data integrity; traditional IoT deployments rely on centralized cloud architectures, creating vulnerabilities such as data breaches, single points of failure, and limited auditability.

    “Decentralized security and data integrity—traditional IoT deployments rely on centralized cloud architectures, creating vulnerabilities such as data breaches, single points of failure, and limited auditability.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The decentralized nature of TpM+ and the Operator's blockchain-powered neutrality foster a level playing field for dispute resolution, facilitating a participatory process where Operational and Executive levels can share perspectives.

    “The decentralized nature of the TpM+ framework, coupled with the Operator’s blockchain-powered neutrality, fosters a level playing field for dispute resolution.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • The authors state this as an assumption: The IoT Operator can act as an independent, impartial, trusted intermediary and mediator.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    The Operator's advanced algorithms can analyze historical data stored on the blockchain, identifying patterns and trends that might shed light on the nature of a disagreement.

    “Its advanced algorithms can analyze the historical data stored on the blockchain, identifying patterns and trends that might shed light on the nature of the disagreement.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The IoT Operator’s algorithms can accurately interpret smart contracts and analyze blockchain data to resolve disputes.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

    Interpretationreasoning

    The integration of hybrid consensus mechanisms characterized by localized execution is proposed to enhance the efficiency and scalability of the Operator's functions.

    “To further enhance the efficiency and scalability of the Operator’s functions, the integration of hybrid consensus mechanisms characterized by localized execution is proposed.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    By establishing the IoT Operator as a dedicated custodian and employing a centralized consensus mechanism, TpM+ ensures secure and irrevocable data custody.

    “By establishing the IoT Operator as a dedicated custodian and employing a centralized consensus mechanism, TpM+ ensures secure and irrevocable data custody, which is fundamental to trustworthy operations within the interconnected world.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    TpM-Pro lacks mechanisms for identity and access management; IoT devices are vulnerable to identity spoofing, unauthorized access, and other security threats, requiring a decentralized authentication mechanism.

    “Identity and access management—IoT devices are vulnerable to identity spoofing, unauthorized access, and other security threats, requiring a decentralized authentication mechanism.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Each node contributes to the consensus process, creating a transparent and verifiable audit trail for every transaction and data point.

    “Transparency: Each node contributes to the consensus process, creating a transparent and verifiable audit trail for every transaction and data point.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationreasoning

    The blockchain ledger serves as an irrefutable record of every action and data point within the system, providing an unbiased foundation for resolving disputes.

    “This transparent audit trail provides an unbiased foundation for resolving disputes.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • The authors state this as an assumption: The IoT Operator can act as an independent, impartial, trusted intermediary and mediator.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The IoT Operator crafts a transparent framework of accountability by weaving together location and historical data into an accessible web of knowledge, empowering authorized stakeholders with dashboards and reports.

    “Beyond mere data vaulting, the Operator crafts a transparent framework of accountability, weaving together location and historical data into a readily accessible web of knowledge.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    In TpM+, smart contracts self-execute based on pre-programmed conditions, eliminate the need for intermediaries, and can be delegated by the IoT Operator.

    “Unlike traditional agreements that rely on centralized authorities and legal frameworks, smart contracts self-execute based on pre-programmed conditions. They eliminate the need for intermediaries, and they can be delegated by the IoT Operator.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Information systems can be conceptualized as specialized subtypes of work systems, where work systems encompass objects requiring development or integration through a structured methodology.

    “As [6] aptly highlights, information systems can be conceptualized as specialized subtypes of work systems, where the latter encompasses objects requiring development or integration through a structured methodology.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [6] da Assumpção, R.M. (2023). Didactic Strategy for Iot Education and Integration of Blockchain and Smart Contracts with the Use of Tpm. [Ph.D. Thesis, State University of Campinas].

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The layered hybrid approach allows localized execution for real-time responsiveness while ensuring network-wide consistency and trust through finalization mechanisms.

    “This layered hybrid approach allows localized execution for real-time responsiveness while ensuring network-wide consistency and trust through finalization mechanisms.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Hybrid consensus mechanisms combine elements of multiple consensus protocols to optimize transaction validation and block finalization while ensuring security, decentralization, and low latencies.

    “These mechanisms combine elements of multiple consensus protocols to optimize transaction validation and block finalization while ensuring security, decentralization, and low latencies.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationnone given

    During Phase 2, the IoT Operator is integrated into Levels 3, 4, and 5 to facilitate transparent equipment usage tracking and enforce accountability.

    “During Phase 2, the IoT Operator is integrated into Levels 3, 4, and 5 to facilitate transparent equipment usage tracking and enforce accountability.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Eldorado Research Institute's testing equipment suffers from inefficiencies due to reliance on paper-based control systems, often resulting in missing, misplaced, or difficult-to-locate equipment, leading to wasted time and resources.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The implemented hybrid consensus model consists of edge-level PoA, cluster-level DPoS, and global BFT.

    “This model consists of three layers:Edge-level validation: IoT devices use Proof-of-Authority (PoA) for fast and lightweight transaction validation.Cluster-level aggregation: Delegated nodes employ delegated Proof-of-Stake (DPoS) to aggregate validated transactions into proto-blocks.Global finalization: A Byzantine Fault Tolerant (BFT) mechanism ensures cross-network consensus and immutability.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The immutable logging of interactions fostered an environment where adherence to best practices became the norm, reducing equipment misuse and untracked modifications.

    “The immutable logging of interactions fostered an environment where adherence to best practices became the norm, reducing equipment misuse and untracked modifications.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    In the proposed IoT Operator hybrid consensus, validated transactions are aggregated into proto-blocks following a Delegated Proof-of-Stake or leader-election model to optimize efficiency while ensuring trustworthiness.

    “Cluster-level aggregation: Validated transactions are aggregated into proto-blocks, following a Delegated Proof-of-Stake (DPoS) or leader-election model to optimize efficiency while ensuring trustworthiness.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    In the proposed IoT Operator hybrid consensus, the IoT Operator uses an asynchronous BFT mechanism, similarly to GRANDPA, to finalize transactions across interconnected IoT networks, ensuring immutability and global consensus without unnecessary delays.

    “Global finalization: The IoT Operator uses an asynchronous BFT mechanism, similarly to GRANDPA, to finalize transactions across interconnected IoT networks, ensuring immutability and global consensus without introducing unnecessary delays.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    By establishing standardized APIs and data exchange protocols, TpM+ has the potential to serve as a central hub for real-time data handling, facilitating data-driven decision-making and performance optimization across various enterprise systems.

    “In conclusion, by establishing standardized APIs and data exchange protocols, TpM+ has the potential to serve as a central hub for real-time data handling, facilitating data-driven decision-making and performance optimization across various enterprise systems.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationreasoning

    The paper proposes an independent IoT Operator as a central facilitator of transparency, accountability, and informed decision-making between Executive and Operational levels.

    “This dedicated entity acts as a central facilitator of transparency, accountability, and informed decision-making between the aforementioned levels.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Heterogeneity in IoT often presents a challenge: a lack of common ground for information exchange, leading to a lack of transparency among systems.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The TpM-IoT Canvas is efficacious in generating comprehensive reports and clearly delineating the business context.

    “The TpM highlights the multifaceted benefits of the usage of TpM-IoT Canvas [6,7], emphasizing its efficacy in not only generating comprehensive reports but also in clearly delineating the business context.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [6] da Assumpção, R.M. (2023). Didactic Strategy for Iot Education and Integration of Blockchain and Smart Contracts with the Use of Tpm. [Ph.D. Thesis, State University of Campinas].

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites [7] Ferreira, 2022, A TpM-based collaborative system to teach IoT, Comput. Appl. Eng. Educ. source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    A smart contract automatically triggers if a user uses a piece of equipment for more than 24 h, potentially flagging unauthorized extended use.

    “Smart contract activation: A smart contract automatically triggers if a user uses a piece of equipment for more than 24 h, potentially flagging unauthorized extended use.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The immutable tracking of interactions ensures all equipment movements are fully auditable, reducing unauthorized modifications and promoting responsible usage.

    “The immutable tracking of interactions ensures that all equipment movements are fully auditable, reducing unauthorized modifications and promoting responsible usage.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    In the proposed IoT Operator hybrid consensus, IoT devices (Level 1) and the local border (Level 3) use lightweight Proof-of-Authority for immediate transaction validation, reducing computational overhead and minimizing energy consumption.

    “Edge-level validation: IoT devices (Level 1) and the local border (Level 3) use a lightweight Proof-of-Authority (PoA) model for immediate transaction validation, reducing computational overhead and minimizing energy consumption.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    During the second phase of TpM+, the addition of the IoT Operator strengthens the framework while preserving its core structure.

    “During the second phase of TpM+, the iterative process of “Gathering Requirements”, the addition of the “IoT Operator” strengthens the framework while preserving its core structure [27].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [27] Machado, A.T., Yamaguti, R., Assumpção, R.M., Branquinho, O.C., and Cardieri, P. (2023, January 13–17). Application of Three-Phase Methodology for Retrofit 4.0 in Legacy Industrial Plants. Proceedings of the IARIA Congress 2023: The 2023 IARIA Annual Congress on Frontiers in Science, Technology, Services, and Applications, Valencia, Spain.

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Hybrid consensus approaches integrating Proof-of-Work and Proof-of-Stake have been studied to enhance blockchain resilience.

    “Similarly, hybrid consensus approaches that integrate Proof-of-Work (PoW) and Proof-of-Stake (PoS) have been studied to enhance blockchain resilience.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [26] Zhao, 2023, Hybrid Consensus Mechanisms for Blockchain Security and Scalability: A Comparative Study, Nat. Commun. Comput.

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    IoT inherently involves the integration of multiple subsystems.

    “As [7] observes, IoT inherently involves the integration of multiple subsystems, painting a rich tapestry of interconnected work systems.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [7] Ferreira, 2022, A TpM-based collaborative system to teach IoT, Comput. Appl. Eng. Educ. source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    The IoT Operator leverages blockchain technology and smart contracts to function as a custody caretaker, contract enforcer, and mediator, ensuring transparency, security, and trust within the IoT ecosystem.

    “This IoT Operator leverages blockchain technology and smart contracts to function as a custody caretaker, contract enforcer, and mediator, ensuring transparency, security, and trust within the IoT ecosystem.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationreasoning

    A hybrid approach allows the IoT Operator to balance efficiency and trust by leveraging different consensus layers for various transaction types.

    “Unlike monolithic consensus models, a hybrid approach allows the IoT Operator to balance efficiency and trust by leveraging different consensus layers for various transaction types.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    Blockchain-backed audit trails immutably record every event, status change, or interaction, ensuring tamper-proof and verifiable data storage.

    “With the integration of blockchain-backed audit trails, every event, status change, or interaction is immutably recorded, ensuring tamper-proof and verifiable data storage.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Traditional systems often lack visibility into real-time equipment status and historical interactions, making it difficult to verify actions, ensure compliance, or track unauthorized modifications.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Polkadot employs a hybrid consensus model where block production and finality are handled by separate mechanisms.

    “For example, Polkadot employs a hybrid consensus model where block production and finality are handled by separate mechanisms.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [25] Wood, 2025, Polkadot: A Hybrid Consensus Protocol for Scalable and Secure Multi-Chain Networks, J. Distrib. Ledger Technol.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

    Interpretationreasoning

    Level 3 acting as an umbrella for the lower levels makes it the ideal integration point for the IoT Operator.

    “This unique characteristic of TpM+, where Level 3 effectively acts as an umbrella for the lower levels, makes it the ideal integration point for the IoT Operator.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The BABE protocol is used for probabilistic block production, ensuring continuous transaction flow with minimal latency.

    “The BABE (blind assignment for blockchain extension) protocol is used for probabilistic block production, ensuring a continuous transaction flow with minimal latency.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [25] Wood, 2025, Polkadot: A Hybrid Consensus Protocol for Scalable and Secure Multi-Chain Networks, J. Distrib. Ledger Technol.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The hybrid model mitigates centralization risks, as different consensus layers distribute responsibility dynamically, preventing single points of failure and increasing system resilience.

    “Additionally, the hybrid model mitigates centralization risks, as different consensus layers distribute responsibility dynamically, preventing single points of failure and increasing system resilience.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    The local border generates a proto-block containing identification details, which is sent to the cloud border for validation; once validated, it joins other verified blocks and is transmitted to the IoT Operator, forming a secure and transparent chain of data.

    “Here, the local border generates a “proto-block”, a data packet containing identification details. The proto-block is then sent to the cloud border for validation. Once validated, it joins other verified blocks and is ultimately transmitted to the IoT Operator, forming a secure and transparent chain of data.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    PoW mechanisms are leveraged for initial transaction validation, ensuring trust and resistance to Sybil attacks, while PoS mechanisms finalize blocks efficiently by selecting validators based on stake and reputation.

    “PoW mechanisms are leveraged for initial transaction validation, ensuring trust and resistance to Sybil attacks, while PoS mechanisms finalize blocks efficiently by selecting validators based on their stake and reputation [26].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [26] Zhao, 2023, Hybrid Consensus Mechanisms for Blockchain Security and Scalability: A Comparative Study, Nat. Commun. Comput.

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The study demonstrates that automation and decentralized validation mechanisms improve efficiency and instill trust in data integrity and compliance adherence.

    “The study demonstrates that automation and decentralized validation mechanisms not only improve efficiency but also instill trust in data integrity and compliance adherence.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The IoT Operator application utilizes Flask and REST APIs for secure interaction with the blockchain network, employing HTTPS and requiring authentication through Web Tokens to ensure confidentiality and integrity of data in transit.

    “This application utilizes the Flask framework and leverages REST APIs for secure interaction with the blockchain network. Employing HTTPS communication and requiring authentication through JSON Web Tokens (JWTs) adhere to best security practices, ensuring the confidentiality and integrity of data in transit.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The GRANDPA finality mechanism is employed to ensure global consistency and security.

    “In parallel, the GRANDPA (GHOST-based Recursive ANcestor Deriving Prefix Agreement) finality mechanism is employed to ensure global consistency and security [25].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [25] Wood, 2025, Polkadot: A Hybrid Consensus Protocol for Scalable and Secure Multi-Chain Networks, J. Distrib. Ledger Technol.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    TpM+ advances IoT standardization by proposing a framework that enhances interoperability and reduces vendor lock-in.

    “This paper not only highlights the practical benefits of TpM+ but also advances the broader goal of IoT standardization by proposing a framework that enhances interoperability and reduces vendor lock-in.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    Leveraging blockchain technology ensures verifiable compliance and a trusted data trail, solidifying trust and accountability within the system.

    “Leveraging blockchain technology ensures verifiable compliance and a trusted data trail, further solidifying trust and accountability within the system.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationreasoning

    At Level 4, the IoT Operator integrates a blockchain-centric approach for securely recording transactions.

    “At Level 4 (storage), the IoT Operator integrates a blockchain-centric approach for securely recording transactions.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

    Interpretationreasoning

    Structured audit trails foster greater stakeholder trust, as decision-making is based on verifiable, tamper-proof data rather than subjective reports.

    “Additionally, the presence of structured audit trails fosters greater stakeholder trust, as decision-making is based on verifiable, tamper-proof data rather than subjective reports.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The 95.83% reduction in equipment search time validates the success of the TpM+ model in delivering faster equipment location, directly attributed to enhanced custody and accountability mechanisms enabled by the IoT Operator.

    “This achievement validates the success of the TpM+ model in delivering faster equipment location, which can be directly attributed to the enhanced custody and accountability mechanisms enabled by the IoT Operator.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

    Interpretationreasoning

    By integrating transparency, accountability, and operational efficiency, the TpM+ framework provides a robust foundation for intelligent, data-driven decision-making within industrial environments.

    “By integrating transparency, accountability, and operational efficiency, the TpM+ framework provides a robust foundation for intelligent, data-driven decision-making within industrial environments.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    By adopting this model, the IoT Operator enhances transaction throughput, minimizes latency, and prevents bottlenecks inherent in traditional blockchain implementations.

    “By adopting this model, the IoT Operator enhances transaction throughput, minimizes latency, and prevents bottlenecks inherent in traditional blockchain implementations.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
80 of 80

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    The IoT Operator can act as an independent, impartial, trusted intermediary and mediator.

    “A trusted, external entity, dubbed the IoT Operator, is proposed to fulfill this role. This entity, independent of the parties involved in the IoT solution, would possess the impartiality and experience to effectively resolve conflicts.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The IoT Operator’s algorithms can accurately interpret smart contracts and analyze blockchain data to resolve disputes.

    “Its algorithms meticulously analyze the contractual stipulations in relation to the data it safeguards, identifying relevant clauses and provisions that inform potential solutions.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Heterogeneity in IoT often presents a challenge: a lack of common ground for information exchange, leading to a lack of transparency among systems.

    “However, this heterogeneity often presents a challenge: a lack of common ground for information exchange, leading to a lack of transparency among these systems.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Eldorado Research Institute's testing equipment suffers from inefficiencies due to reliance on paper-based control systems, often resulting in missing, misplaced, or difficult-to-locate equipment, leading to wasted time and resources.

    “However, their testing equipment, while accessible to diverse sectors, suffers from inefficiencies due to a reliance on paper-based control systems. This outdated process often results in missing, misplaced, or difficult-to-locate equipment, leading to wasted time and resources.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Traditional systems often lack visibility into real-time equipment status and historical interactions, making it difficult to verify actions, ensure compliance, or track unauthorized modifications.

    “Traditional systems often lack visibility into real-time equipment status and historical interactions, making it difficult to verify actions, ensure compliance, or track unauthorized modifications.”
5 of 5

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • Reference [18] is attributed to different authors

    Minor

    The text attributes reference [18] to Smith et al., but the reference list identifies its authors as Zhao, Yang, and Luo.

1 of 1

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 6

  1. Groover, M.P. (2016). Automation, Production Systems, and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing, Pearson Education India.
  2. da Assumpção, R.M. (2023). Didactic Strategy for Iot Education and Integration of Blockchain and Smart Contracts with the Use of Tpm. [Ph.D. Thesis, State University of Campinas].
  3. Mohammed, 2021, Blockchain-Based Supply Chain Traceability: Tokenization, Digital Twins, and Oracles, IEEE Access, 9, 62899
  4. Wood, 2025, Polkadot: A Hybrid Consensus Protocol for Scalable and Secure Multi-Chain Networks, J. Distrib. Ledger Technol., 10, 45
  5. Zhao, 2023, Hybrid Consensus Mechanisms for Blockchain Security and Scalability: A Comparative Study, Nat. Commun. Comput., 14, 1
  6. Machado, A.T., Yamaguti, R., Assumpção, R.M., Branquinho, O.C., and Cardieri, P. (2023, January 13–17). Application of Three-Phase Methodology for Retrofit 4.0 in Legacy Industrial Plants. Proceedings of the IARIA Congress 2023: The 2023 IARIA Annual Congress on Frontiers in Science, Technology, Services, and Applications, Valencia, Spain.

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Yamaguti, R., Ferreira, L. C. B. C., Lui Motta, L., Montali Assumpção, R., Branquinho, O. C., Iervolino, G., & Cardieri, P.
Affiliations
  • Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP) (BR)
  • Federal Institute of Education, Science, and Technology of Southern Minas Gerais, Poços de Caldas Campus, Poços de Caldas 37713-100, MG, Brazil
  • Department of Communications, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Campinas (FEEC), Campinas 13083-852, SP, Brazil
  • Instituto de Pesquisas Eldorado (BR)
Corresponding author
Yamaguti, Renan
ORCID
Venue
Sensors
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2025-08-13
Volume
25
Issue
16
Pages
5001
ISSN
1424-8220 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3390/s25165001
PMC
PMC12389772
OpenAlex
W4413176805
Semantic Scholar
e5a0d6b879a81945a5aa3da022c26106b312f76c
Cited by
4
References
22
Citations by year
2026: 2 · 2025: 2
FWCI
4.33
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Sensors (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders
Instituto de Pesquisa Eldorado (Campinas/Brazil)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Blockchain Technology Applications and Security
  • Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Internet of Things and AI
  • Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Networks and Communications › IoT and Edge/Fog Computing
Keywords
Internet of Things, blockchain, smart contracts, Trusted Platform Module, IoT governance, Internet of Things security

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-17.

Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-17.

Cited sources are checked by gpt-6-sol.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

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