Advancements in Adsorption Techniques for Sustainable Water Purification: A Focus on Lead Removal
Open accessAbstract
The long-term sustainability of the global water supply, with a paramount emphasis on cleanliness and safety, stands as a formidable challenge in our modern era. In response to this pressing issue, adsorption techniques have emerged as pivotal and widely recognized solutions for the removal of hazardous pollutants, with a particular emphasis on lead adsorption from wastewater. This comprehensive review explores the relentless advancements made in the adsorption domain, highlighting innovations using separation and purification techniques that surpass traditional metal oxide-based adsorbents. Of particular note is the growing exploration of alternative materials, such as starch, chitosan, nanoscale structures like zeolites and metal-organic frameworks, magnetic materials, and carbon-based substances for the development of inorganic adsorbents. These materials, with their remarkable capacity for nanoscale structural adjustment, possess extraordinary capabilities for effective contaminant removal, facilitating swift water purification. The literature survey for this review was conducted using the Google Scholar engine, with “adsorbents for lead remediation” as the starting keywords, resulting in approximately 6000 papers. The search was refined to focus on the last three years and specifically targeted review papers which are most relevant to lead remediation. More than 100 papers were analysed to investigate various techniques, surface modifications, and adsorbent materials for managing inorganic pollutants in water. This review also illuminates research limitations, with a specific focus on starch-based adsorbents in lead remediation. As we progress towards practical commercial applications, this review identifies challenges associated with the development of inorganic adsorbents and provides invaluable insights into future prospects. Surface modification emerges as a promising path, with the potential to substantially enhance adsorption capacity, potentially doubling or even quadrupling it. Moreover, the adsorbents demonstrate impressive regenerative capabilities, maintaining up to 90% regeneration efficiency after multiple cycles. In conclusion, starch-based adsorbents show considerable potential as effective agents for lead purification from aquatic environments. Nevertheless, the need for further research persists, emphasizing the optimization of the adsorption process and exploring the long-term stability of starch-based adsorbents in real-world scenarios.
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Managing the fate of desorbed pollutants remains a major environmental concern, as inadequate handling can lead to secondary contamination.
“Regardless of the regeneration method, managing the fate of desorbed pollutants remains a major environmental concern, as inadequate handling can lead to secondary contamination.248,250”
From Emerging nanotechnology approaches for sustainable water treatment and heavy metals removal: a comprehensive review (2025) · cites this paper as [250]
Section 7, “Challenges and Future Research Direction” (page unavailable), says adsorbent regeneration and disposal pose environmental challenges and discusses recovering lead after regeneration. Section 5.3, “Regeneration/Recycling” (page unavailable), also describes managing spent adsorbents as a challenge. Neither passage says that inadequate handling of desorbed pollutants causes secondary contamination. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredEnd-of-life management of nanomaterials presents challenges: landfilling risks nanoparticle leaching; incineration may release toxic emissions; recycling requires energy-intensive processes.
“End-of-life management further presents challenges: landfilling risks nanoparticle leaching; incineration may release toxic emissions; and recycling requires energy-intensive processes that must be optimized to remain economically viable.248,250”
From Emerging nanotechnology approaches for sustainable water treatment and heavy metals removal: a comprehensive review (2025) · cites this paper as [250]
Section 5.3, “Regeneration/Recycling” (page unavailable), says managing spent adsorbents is challenging and recovery can be costly. Section 7, “Challenges and Future Research Direction” (page unavailable), also identifies environmental and economic challenges in regeneration and disposal. Neither passage specifies nanoparticle leaching from landfills, toxic emissions from incineration, or energy-intensive recycling. (LLM, conf=0.86)
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Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 6
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Hussein, E. B., Rasheed, F. A., Mohammed, A. S., & Kayani, K. F. (2025) · RSC Advances · doi:10.1039/d5ra06914a · Cited by 86 · see citing works
“248,250 Fig.”
- Authors
- Badran, A. M., Utra, U., Yussof, N. S., & Bashir, M. J. K.
- Affiliations
- Universiti Sains Malaysia (MY)
- Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman (MY)
- Corresponding author
- Utra, Uthumporn
- Bashir, Mohammed J. K.
- Venue
- Separations
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2023-11-10
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 565
- ISSN
- 2297-8739 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4388633267
- Cited by
- 158
- References
- 119
- Citations by year
- 2026: 57 · 2025: 73 · 2024: 28
- FWCI
- 12.63
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Separations (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Palestine Technical University Kadoorie
- Universiti Sains Malaysia
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Adsorption and biosorption for pollutant removal
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Environmental remediation with nanomaterials
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Heavy Metal Pollution Remediation
- Keywords
- lead removal, adsorption, water purification, wastewater treatment, starch-based adsorbents, chitosan, metal-organic frameworks, zeolites, magnetic adsorbent, carbon adsorbents, surface modification, adsorbent regeneration, heavy metal removal
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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