What Is Performance? A Scoping Review of Performance Outcomes as Study Endpoints in Athletics
Open accessAbstract
Purpose: This review set out to summarise, define, and provide future direction towards the use of performance outcome measures as endpoints in research performed at international benchmark events in athletics. Methods: Scoping review methodology was applied through a search of the PubMed and Sports Discus databases and a systematic article selection procedure. Articles that met the inclusion criteria underwent triage for further quantitative and qualitative analysis. A concept chart was generated to describe the methods by which performance had been measured and introduce descriptive labels for theoretical and practical application. Results: None of 2972 articles primarily identified from the database search met the triage standards for quantitative data extraction. Eleven articles were included in a qualitative analysis. The analysis identified the common methods by which performance has been measured, reported and analysed. The resulting concept chart collates labels from the qualitative analysis (categories, themes, and constructs) with sports practice labels (performance metrics, framework, and analysis). Conclusions: The state of knowledge concerning methods to employ performance metrics as endpoints in studies performed at major competitions in athletics has been summarised. Constructing a methodology that combines the performance metric variables (continuous and ordinal) that are currently utilised as endpoints remains a challenge.
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Evaluation of coaching performance can fluctuate between intrapersonal and interpersonal viewpoints, as well as continuous and ordinal metrics.
“The evaluation of performance for example, can fluctuate between intrapersonal and interpersonal viewpoints, as well as continuous (e.g. times and distance) and ordinal (e.g. ranking or league position) metrics [40].”
From The Mental Health of Elite-Level Coaches: A Systematic Scoping Review (2024) · cites this paper as [40]
The Discussion (§4.1) describes evaluating athletics results within intra-personal or inter-personal frames, and the Discussion opening identifies continuous and ordinal performance metrics. These passages concern athlete performance, not coaching performance, so they support the verbatim citing sentence’s general description but not the claim’s extension to coaching. (LLM, conf=0.86)
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Additional file 2 of The Mental Health of Elite-Level Coaches: A Systematic Scoping Review
Frost, J., Walton, C. C., Purcell, R., Fisher, K., Gwyther, K., Kocherginsky, M., & Rice, S. M. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.25203736
Additional file 4 of The Mental Health of Elite-Level Coaches: A Systematic Scoping Review
Frost, J., Walton, C. C., Purcell, R., Fisher, K., Gwyther, K., Kocherginsky, M., & Rice, S. M. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26679632
Additional file 6 of The Mental Health of Elite-Level Coaches: A Systematic Scoping Review
Frost, J., Walton, C. C., Purcell, R., Fisher, K., Gwyther, K., Kocherginsky, M., & Rice, S. M. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26679638
Additional file 1 of The Mental Health of Elite-Level Coaches: A Systematic Scoping Review
Frost, J., Walton, C. C., Purcell, R., Fisher, K., Gwyther, K., Kocherginsky, M., & Rice, S. M. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.25203625
Additional file 3 of The Mental Health of Elite-Level Coaches: A Systematic Scoping Review
Frost, J., Walton, C. C., Purcell, R., Fisher, K., Gwyther, K., Kocherginsky, M., & Rice, S. M. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26679629
Additional file 5 of The Mental Health of Elite-Level Coaches: A Systematic Scoping Review
Frost, J., Walton, C. C., Purcell, R., Fisher, K., Gwyther, K., Kocherginsky, M., & Rice, S. M. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26679635
Whiter, H. L., Holland, C. J., & Cooper, D. J. (2026) · Sport Sciences for Health · doi:10.1007/s11332-026-01824-4
- Authors
- Raysmith, B. P., Jacobsson, J., Drew, M. K., & Timpka, T.
- Affiliations
- Linköping University (SE)
- University of Canberra (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Raysmith, Benjamin P.
- Venue
- Sports
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2019-03-16
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 66
- ISSN
- 2075-4663 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6473619
- OpenAlex
- W2921534444
- Cited by
- 28
- References
- 36
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 3
- FWCI
- 0.43
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- dx.doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Sports (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DiVA (Linkoping University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Sport Psychology and Performance
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › History and Philosophy of Science › Sports Science and Education
- Keywords
- performance outcomes, study endpoints, track and field, performance indicators, performance evaluation
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