Sustainability Calculator: A Tool to Assess Sustainability in Cosmetic Products
Open accessAbstract
Assessing sustainability is extremely necessary and appears as an industrial need and requirement in order to facilitate decision making and to evaluate the impacts of existing strategies, products and technologies. Thus, the main goal of this research was to develop a sustainability calculator based on the opinion of experts that work in the different branches of the cosmetic industry, in order to cover the entire life cycle of a cosmetic product. A detailed survey in which all the steps of a cosmetic product life cycle were addressed, was designed and applied to cosmetic professionals. The data obtained with the survey was statistically analysed for the positive and negative impacts of each parameter on sustainability. The analysed data allowed the creation of a Microsoft Excel tool that mirrors the experts’ opinion. A proof of concept was also designed in order to prove the usefulness of the tool. The results show that there are no raw materials and/or packaging materials and practices, that can be considered 100% sustainable. However, with the appropriate strategies, it is possible to drastically decrease the impacts of any type of cosmetic product on sustainability. This is a promising tool that includes the three dimensions of sustainability in a simple, fast, objective and interactive way for the user. Its application will facilitate the work of the formulators and reduce the time of analysis and decision.
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The design phase of cosmetic products significantly affects the environment and decisions made at this point affect the remaining phases of the product life cycle.
“The phase of the design of cosmetics products significantly affects the environment, and decisions made at this point will affect the remaining phases of the product life cycle [4,7,9].”
From Use of Waste from the Food Industry and Applications of the Fermentation Process to Create Sustainable Cosmetic Products: A Review (2024) · cites this paper as [9]
Sections 3.1 and 4.1 rank design among the phases with the highest impact on sustainability, at 16%. Section 4.1.2 says packaging characteristics should be evaluated at product design and links company strategies to post-consumer use. The paper does not establish that design decisions affect every remaining life-cycle phase; Section 4.1 instead describes the design phase as dependent on the others. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredTransportation of ingredients, materials, packaging, or final products and related CO2 emissions have a large influence on the environment.
“Transportation of ingredients, materials, packaging, or final products and related emission of CO2 have a large influence on the environment.”
From Use of Waste from the Food Industry and Applications of the Fermentation Process to Create Sustainable Cosmetic Products: A Review (2024) · cites this paper as [9]
Section 3.1.2 identifies transportation distance, delivery frequency, load utilization and fuel-related emissions as sustainability factors; Section 4.1.2 links distribution fuel choice to environmental pollution. The cited passages do not specifically identify CO2 emissions or say that transportation of each listed item—ingredients, materials, packaging and final products—has a large environmental impact. Page numbers were not provided in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredInternational cosmetic companies pursue initiatives to improve sustainability dimensions holistically across the entire product life cycle, while small or medium local companies focus on natural, green, or organic ingredients.
“Research shows that international cosmetic companies pursue initiatives to improve sustainability dimensions holistically, taking into account the entire product life cycle, while small or medium local companies focus on the use of natural, green, or organic ingredients as main part of their sustainable products.”
From Use of Waste from the Food Industry and Applications of the Fermentation Process to Create Sustainable Cosmetic Products: A Review (2024) · cites this paper as [9]
The Introduction says sustainability spans the cosmetics supply chain and that natural, green, or organic ingredients are commonly associated with sustainable cosmetics. Section 4.1 says all product-life-cycle phases should be considered. Neither passage supports the claimed contrast between international companies and small or medium local companies or describes their respective initiatives. (LLM, conf=0.79)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredEvaluation of sustainability in the sourcing phase is very complicated because raw materials are extracted or synthesized worldwide and delivered through several distributors.
“Considering the fact that raw materials are extracted or synthesized in many different parts of the world, and are delivered to the cosmetic manufacturer not only by the producer but also through several distributors, the evaluation of sustainability in this phase of the product life cycle is very complicated [7,9].”
From Use of Waste from the Food Industry and Applications of the Fermentation Process to Create Sustainable Cosmetic Products: A Review (2024) · cites this paper as [9]
Section 4.1.1 (page unavailable) says that a raw material’s origin and how it was synthesized or extracted matter to sustainability assessment, and that each ingredient needs individual analysis. It does not say that materials come from many parts of the world or pass through several distributors, or identify those circumstances as the reason assessment is complicated. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIngredients referred to as natural, naturally derived, organic, and green may result in a less preferable environmental profile if assessed from a life cycle perspective.
“It is worth keeping in mind that the ingredients referred to as natural, naturally derived, organic, and green, which are quite often associated with sustainable cosmetic products, may result in a less preferable environmental profile of the cosmetic if assessed from a life cycle perspective [7,9].”
From Use of Waste from the Food Industry and Applications of the Fermentation Process to Create Sustainable Cosmetic Products: A Review (2024) · cites this paper as [9]
The Cosmetic Product Life Cycle model proposed by Bom et al. includes design and Life Cycle Thinking (LCT), sourcing, manufacturing, packaging, distribution, consumer use, and post-consumer use.
“It should be also referred to the Cosmetic Product Life Cycle model proposed by Bom et al., which includes design and Life Cycle Thinking (LCT), sourcing, manufacturing, packaging, distribution, consumer use, and post-consumer use (Figure 3) [1,7,9].”
From Use of Waste from the Food Industry and Applications of the Fermentation Process to Create Sustainable Cosmetic Products: A Review (2024) · cites this paper as [9]
Biodegradability and toxicity to aquatic organisms play an important role in the sustainability of raw materials.
“In addition, an important role in the sustainability of raw materials plays their biodegradability and toxicity to aquatic organisms [6,7,9].”
From Use of Waste from the Food Industry and Applications of the Fermentation Process to Create Sustainable Cosmetic Products: A Review (2024) · cites this paper as [9]
According to a survey by Bom et al., packaging materials have an impact on sustainability in the following order (greatest to least): non-renewable materials, plastic/polymeric materials, aluminium, wood, glass, recycled materials, and biopolymers or plant-based plastics.
“According to a survey conducted by Bom et al., the following packaging materials have an impact on sustainability (starting with the one with the greatest impact): non-renewable materials, plastic/polymeric materials, aluminium, wood, glass, recycled materials, and biopolymers or plant-based plastics [9].”
From Use of Waste from the Food Industry and Applications of the Fermentation Process to Create Sustainable Cosmetic Products: A Review (2024) · cites this paper as [9]
Fuel consumption accounts for at least 30% of transport operating costs.
“Due to the fact that fuel consumption accounts for at least 30% of transport operating costs, a change in the type of transport system from road to rail and from air to sea is highly recommended [6,9].”
From Use of Waste from the Food Industry and Applications of the Fermentation Process to Create Sustainable Cosmetic Products: A Review (2024) · cites this paper as [9]
Section 3.1.2 discusses fuel choice and transport modes as factors in sustainability, but its percentages describe sustainability impacts, not operating costs. Searches for fuel consumption, transport operating costs, and 30% found no passage stating the claimed cost share. (LLM, conf=0.75)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe difference in sustainability focus between international and small/medium cosmetic companies is due to lack of resources and holistic understanding of life cycle impact.
“The reason for this situation is the lack of resources and a holistic understanding of the impact of the life cycle [9,33–36].”
From Use of Waste from the Food Industry and Applications of the Fermentation Process to Create Sustainable Cosmetic Products: A Review (2024) · cites this paper as [9]
The Introduction (page not available) discusses gaps in scientific information and difficulties with sustainability-assessment tools, while the Product Life Cycle sections say that all life-cycle phases should be considered. Neither those passages nor searches for company size and resources address a difference in sustainability focus between international and small or medium cosmetic companies, or establish the stated reason for it. (LLM, conf=0.74)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredApproximately 90% of the CO2 emission generated during the life cycle of a product comes from consumer use.
“Consumer education in terms of sustainable consumption, such as dosing the correct amount of the product and using less water to rinse off the cosmetics, is necessary because, according to the researchers, approximately 90% of the CO2 emission generated during the life cycle of the product comes from consumer use [7,9].”
From Use of Waste from the Food Industry and Applications of the Fermentation Process to Create Sustainable Cosmetic Products: A Review (2024) · cites this paper as [9]
Section 3.1, Product Life Cycle, assigns consumer use 13% of the assessed sustainability impact, not a share of CO2 emissions. Searches for the approximately 90% figure and for consumer-use CO2 emissions found no passage in our copy that addresses the claimed emissions share. (LLM, conf=0.76)
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Dias, R. C. (2026) · RECIMA21 - Revista Científica Multidisciplinar · doi:10.47820/recima21.v7i3.7283
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Perevoznic, F. M., & Dragomir, V. D. (2026) · Accounting and Management Information Systems · doi:10.24818/jamis.2026.03002
Schuler, B., Scott, E. L., Snyder, W. R., & Park, J. (2026) · Environmental Impact Assessment Review · doi:10.1016/j.eiar.2026.108786
- Authors
- Bom, S., Ribeiro, H. M., & Marto, J.
- Affiliations
- University of Lisbon (PT)
- Corresponding author
- Marto, Joana
- Venue
- Sustainability
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2020-02-14
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 1437
- ISSN
- 2071-1050 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3005623809
- Cited by
- 51
- References
- 26
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 2
- FWCI
- 2.70
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Sustainability (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (UID/DTP/04138/2019)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Engineering › Environmental Impact and Sustainability
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Chemistry › Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Marketing › Environmental Sustainability in Business
- Keywords
- cosmetics, product life cycle, expert opinion, sustainability assessment, raw materials, packaging materials, environmental impact, decision support system, cosmetic formulation
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