CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 306Electric Vehicles and InfrastructureSmart Grid Energy ManagementElectric and Hybrid Vehicle Technologies

Electric Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) Technologies: Impact on the Power Grid and Battery

Open access
Mojumder, Md. Rayid Hasan, Ahmed Antara, Fahmida, Hasanuzzaman, Md., Alamri, Basem, Alsharef, Mohammad·2022·Sustainability
DOI 10.3390/su142113856
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

The gradual shift towards cleaner and green energy sources requires the application of electric vehicles (EVs) as the mainstream transportation platform. The application of vehicle-to-grid (V2G) shows promise in optimizing the power demand, shaping the load variation, and increasing the sustainability of smart grids. However, no comprehensive paper has been compiled regarding the of operation of V2G and types, current ratings and types of EV in sells market, policies relevant to V2G and business model, and the implementation difficulties and current procedures used to cope with problems. This work better represents the current challenges and prospects in V2G implementation worldwide and highlights the research gap across the V2G domain. The research starts with the opportunities of V2G and required policies and business models adopted in recent years, followed by an overview of the V2G technology; then, the challenges associated with V2G on the power grid and vehicle batteries; and finally, their possible solutions. This investigation highlighted a few significant challenges, which involve a lack of a concrete V2G business model, lack of stakeholders and government incentives, the excessive burden on EV batteries during V2G, the deficiency of proper bidirectional battery charger units and standards and test beds, the injection of harmonics voltage and current to the power grid, and the possibility of uneconomical and unscheduled V2G practices. Recent research and international agency reports are revised to provide possible solutions to these bottlenecks and, in places, the requirements for additional research. The promise of V2G could be colossal, but the scheme first requires tremendous collaboration, funding, and technology maturation.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.3390/su142113856

Cites

3 of 3 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Dynamic tariff structures, including time-of-use pricing and real-time incentives, can shift EV charging to off-peak periods, flatten the load curve, and ease network stress.

    “Dynamic tariff structures, including time-of-use pricing and real-time incentives, have the potential to shift user charging to off-peak periods, flattening the load curve, and easing the stress on the network [7].”

    From Economic Impacts and Mitigation for the Grid Connected Electric Vehicle Charging: A Technical and Operational Overview (2026) · cites this paper as [7]

    Section 5.1 describes a time-of-use scheme that keeps EV charging in off-peak periods and reduces its impact on generating units. Section 3.4.1 says scheduled charging can shift load and help fill valleys and clip peaks. The passages do not establish that real-time pricing incentives produce these effects, so that part of the attributed claim is unsupported. (LLM, conf=0.86)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Traditional power grid control methods including demand-side management and time-of-use pricing provide limited and reactive short-term relief to evolving load profiles from real-time EV charging behaviour.

    “Such approaches provide limited and reactive short-term relief to the evolving load profiles resulting from real-time EV charging behaviour.”

    From Economic Impacts and Mitigation for the Grid Connected Electric Vehicle Charging: A Technical and Operational Overview (2026) · cites this paper as [7]

    Section 5.1 says unscheduled EV charging affects grid power quality and describes a time-of-use scheme that reduces its impact. It does not assess whether time-of-use pricing or demand-side management provides only limited, reactive, short-term relief. Searches for those limitations and for traditional grid-control approaches found no passage addressing the attributed point. (LLM, conf=0.72)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 93

  1. Flores, R.J.; Shaffer, B.P.; Brouwer, J. Electricity costs for an electric vehicle fueling station with Level 3 charging. Appl. Energy 2016, 169, 813-830. [CrossRef] · DOI
  2. Li, Y.; Davis, C.; Lukszo, Z.; Weijnen, M. Electric vehicle charging in China's power system: Energy, economic and environmental trade-offs and policy implications. Appl. Energy 2016, 173, 535-554. [CrossRef] · DOI
  3. Kosai, S.; Zakaria, S.; Che, H.S.; Hasanuzzaman, M.; Rahim, N.A.; Tan, C.; Ahmad, R.D.R.; Abbas, A.R.; Nakano, K.; Yamasue, E.; et al. Estimation of Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Petrol, Biodiesel and Battery Electric Vehicles in Malaysia Based on Life Cycle Approach. Sustainability 2022, 14, 5783. [CrossRef] · DOI
  4. Green, R.C.; Wang, L.; Alam, M. The impact of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles on distribution networks: A review and outlook. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2011, 15, 544-553. [CrossRef] · DOI
  5. Zheng, Y.; Niu, S.; Shang, Y.; Shao, Z.; Jian, L. Integrating plug-in electric vehicles into power grids: A comprehensive review on power interaction mode, scheduling methodology and mathematical foundation. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2019, 112, 424-439. [CrossRef] · DOI
  6. Zheng, Y.; Shang, Y.; Shao, Z.; Jian, L. A novel real-time scheduling strategy with near-linear complexity for integrating large-scale electric vehicles into smart grid. Appl. Energy 2018, 217, 1-13. [CrossRef] · DOI
  7. Sovacool, B.K.; Kester, J.; Noel, L.; de Rubens, G.Z. Income, political affiliation, urbanism and geography in stated preferences for electric vehicles (EVs) and vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technologies in Northern Europe. J. Transp. Geogr. 2019, 78, 214-229. [CrossRef] · DOI
  8. Kester, J.; Noel, L.; Zarazua de Rubens, G.; Sovacool, B.K. Promoting Vehicle to Grid (V2G) in the Nordic region: Expert advice on policy mechanisms for accelerated diffusion. Energy Policy 2018, 116, 422-432. [CrossRef] · DOI
  9. Sovacool, B.K.; Kester, J.; Noel, L.; de Rubens, G.Z. Energy Injustice and Nordic Electric Mobility: Inequality, Elitism, and Externalities in the Electrification of Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) Transport. Ecol. Econ. 2019, 157, 205-217. [CrossRef] · DOI
  10. Verlinghieri, E.; Venturini, F. Exploring the right to mobility through the 2013 mobilizations in Rio de Janeiro. J. Transp. Geogr. 2018, 67, 126-136. [CrossRef] · DOI
  11. Gopal, A.R.; Park, W.Y.; Witt, M.; Phadke, A. Hybrid-and battery-electric vehicles offer low-cost climate benefits in China. Transp. Res. Part D Transp. Environ. 2018, 62, 362-371. [CrossRef] · DOI
  12. Krause, J.; Thiel, C.; Tsokolis, D.; Samaras, Z.; Rota, C.; Ward, A.; Prenninger, P.; Coosemans, T.; Neugebauer, S.; Verhoeve, W. EU road vehicle energy consumption and CO 2 emissions by 2050-Expert-based scenarios. Energy Policy 2020, 138, 111224. [CrossRef] · DOI · Paper page
  13. Kim, T.S.; Manzie, C.; Watson, H. Fuel Economy Benefits of Look-ahead Capability in a Mild Hybrid Configuration. IFAC Proc. Vol. 2008, 41, 5646-5651. [CrossRef] · DOI
  14. Cardoso, D.S.; Fael, P.O.; Espírito-Santo, A. A review of micro and mild hybrid systems. Energy Rep. 2020, 6, 385-390. [CrossRef] · DOI
  15. Buekers, J.; Van Holderbeke, M.; Bierkens, J.; Int Panis, L. Health and environmental benefits related to electric vehicle introduction in EU countries. Transp. Res. Part D: Transp. Environ. 2014, 33, 26-38. [CrossRef] · DOI
  16. Igbinovia, F.; Fandi, G.; Mahmoud, R.; Tlustý, J. A Review of Electric Vehicles Emissions and its Smart Charging Techniques Influence on Power Distribution Grid. J. Eng. Sci. Technol. Rev. 2016, 9, 80-85. [CrossRef] · DOI
  17. Zahedmanesh, A.; Muttaqi, K.M.; Sutanto, D. Direct Control of Plug-In Electric Vehicle Charging Load Using an In-House Developed Intermediate Control Unit. IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl. 2019, 55, 2208-2218. [CrossRef] · DOI
  18. Young, K.; Wang, C.; Wang, L.Y.; Strunz, K. Electric Vehicle Battery Technologies. In Electric Vehicle Integration into Modern Power Networks; Garcia-Valle, R., Peças Lopes, J.A., Eds.; Springer: New York, NY, USA, 2013; pp. 15-56.
  19. Goetzel, N.; Hasanuzzaman, M. An empirical analysis of electric vehicle cost trends: A case study in Germany. Res. Transp. Bus. Manag. 2022, 43, 100825. [CrossRef] · DOI
  20. Li, S.G.; Sharkh, S.M.; Walsh, F.C.; Zhang, C.N. Energy and Battery Management of a Plug-In Series Hybrid Electric Vehicle Using Fuzzy Logic. IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol. 2011, 60, 3571-3585. [CrossRef] · DOI
  21. Tang, Z.; Li, X. Gear Ratio Distribution of Electric Vehicle Reducer. J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 2020, 1654, 012011. [CrossRef] · DOI
  22. Yuan, X.; Li, L.; Gou, H.; Dong, T. Energy and environmental impact of battery electric vehicle range in China. Appl. Energy 2015, 157, 75-84. [CrossRef] · DOI
  23. Alsharif, A.; Tan, C.W.; Ayop, R.; Dobi, A.; Lau, K.Y. A comprehensive review of energy management strategy in Vehicle-to-Grid technology integrated with renewable energy sources. Sustain. Energy Technol. Assess. 2021, 47, 101439. [CrossRef] · DOI
  24. Dik, A.; Omer, S.; Boukhanouf, R. Electric Vehicles: V2G for Rapid, Safe, and Green EV Penetration. Energies 2022, 15, 803. [CrossRef] · DOI
  25. Chandra Mouli, G.R.; Bauer, P.; Zeman, M. System design for a solar powered electric vehicle charging station for workplaces. Appl. Energy 2016, 168, 434-443. [CrossRef] · DOI
  26. Farahmand, M.Z.; Javadi, S.; Sadati, S.M.; Laaksonen, H.; Shafie-khah, M. Optimal Operation of Solar Powered Electric Vehicle Parking Lots Considering Different Photovoltaic Technologies. Clean Technol. 2021, 3, 30. [CrossRef] · DOI
  27. Fathabadi, H. Utilizing solar and wind energy in plug-in hybrid electric vehicles. Energy Convers. Manag. 2018, 156, 317-328. [CrossRef] · DOI
  28. Lovatt, H.C.; Ramsden, V.S.; Mecrow, B.C. Design of an in-wheel motor for a solar-powered electric vehicle. IEE Proc. -Electr. Power Appl. 1998, 145, 402-408. [CrossRef] · DOI
  29. Mahmoudi, C.; Flah, A.; Sbita, L. An overview of electric Vehicle concept and power management strategies. In Proceedings of the 2014 International Conference on Electrical Sciences and Technologies in Maghreb (CISTEM), Tunis, Tunisia, 3-6 November 2014; pp. 1-8.
  30. Bilgin, B.; Magne, P.; Malysz, P.; Yang, Y.; Pantelic, V.; Preindl, M.; Korobkine, A.; Jiang, W.; Lawford, M.; Emadi, A. Making the Case for Electrified Transportation. IEEE Trans. Transp. Electrif. 2015, 1, 4-17. [CrossRef] · DOI · Paper page
  31. Choi, M.; Lee, J.; Seo, S. Real-Time Optimization for Power Management Systems of a Battery/Supercapacitor Hybrid Energy Storage System in Electric Vehicles. IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol. 2014, 63, 3600-3611. [CrossRef] · DOI
  32. Åhman, M. Government policy and the development of electric vehicles in Japan. Energy Policy 2006, 34, 433-443. [CrossRef] · DOI
  33. Sanguesa, J.A.; Torres-Sanz, V.; Garrido, P.; Martinez, F.J.; Marquez-Barja, J.M. A Review on Electric Vehicles: Technologies and Challenges. Smart Cities 2021, 4, 372-404. [CrossRef] · DOI · Paper page
  34. Kang, N.; Ren, Y.; Feinberg, F.M.; Papalambros, P.Y. Public investment and electric vehicle design: A model-based market analysis framework with application to a USA-China comparison study. Des. Sci. 2016, 2, e6. [CrossRef] · DOI
  35. Bi, Z.; Kan, T.; Mi, C.C.; Zhang, Y.; Zhao, Z.; Keoleian, G.A. A review of wireless power transfer for electric vehicles: Prospects to enhance sustainable mobility. Appl. Energy 2016, 179, 413-425. [CrossRef] · DOI
  36. Islam, F.R.; Pota, H.R. Plug-in-hybrid electric vehicles park as virtual DVR. Electron. Lett. 2013, 49, 211-213. [CrossRef] · DOI
  37. Sripad, S.; Kulandaivel, S.; Pande, V.; Sekar, V.; Viswanathan, V. Vulnerabilities of Electric Vehicle Battery Packs to Cyberattacks on Auxiliary Components. 2017. Available online: https://arxiv.org/abs/1711.04822 (accessed on 20 September 2022). · arXiv
  38. Das, H.S.; Tan, C.W.; Yatim, A.H.M. Fuel cell hybrid electric vehicles: A review on power conditioning units and topologies. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2017, 76, 268-291. [CrossRef] · DOI
  39. Wishart, J. Fuel cells vs Batteries in the Automotive Sector. 2014. Available online: https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Jeffrey- Wishart/publication/311210193_Fuel_cells_vs_Batteries_in_the_Automotive_Sector/links/583f628808ae8e63e6182d34/Fuel- cells-vs-Batteries-in-the-Automotive-Sector.pdf (accessed on 20 September 2022).
  40. Patt, A.; Pfenninger, S.; Lilliestam, J. Vulnerability of solar energy infrastructure and output to climate change. Clim. Change 2013, 121, 93-102. [CrossRef] · DOI
  41. Dai, J.; Ludois, D.C. Wireless electric vehicle charging via capacitive power transfer through a conformal bumper. In Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC), Charlotte, NC, USA, 15-19 March 2015; pp. 3307-3313.
  42. Kline, M.; Izyumin, I.; Boser, B.; Sanders, S. Capacitive power transfer for contactless charging. In Proceedings of the 2011 Twenty-Sixth Annual IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference and Exposition (APEC), Fort Worth, TX, USA, 6-11 March 2011; pp. 1398-1404.
  43. Machura, P.; Li, Q. A critical review on wireless charging for electric vehicles. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2019, 104, 209-234. [CrossRef] · DOI
  44. Panchal, C.; Stegen, S.; Lu, J. Review of static and dynamic wireless electric vehicle charging system. Eng. Sci. Technol. Int. J. 2018, 21, 922-937. [CrossRef] · DOI
  45. Islam, F.R.; Cirrincione, M. Vehicle to grid system to design a centre node virtual unified power flow controller. Electron. Lett. 2016, 52, 1330-1332. [CrossRef] · DOI
  46. Mendoza-Araya, P.A.; Kollmeyer, P.J.; Ludois, D.C. V2G integration and experimental demonstration on a lab-scale microgrid. In Proceedings of the 2013 IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition, Denver, CO, USA, 15-19 September 2013; pp. 5165-5172.
  47. Ravi, S.S.; Aziz, M. Utilization of Electric Vehicles for Vehicle-to-Grid Services: Progress and Perspectives. Energies 2022, 15, 589. [CrossRef] · DOI
  48. Hoang, D.T.; Wang, P.; Niyato, D.; Hossain, E. Charging and Discharging of Plug-In Electric Vehicles (PEVs) in Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) Systems: A Cyber Insurance-Based Model. IEEE Access 2017, 5, 732-754. [CrossRef] · DOI
  49. Ahn, C.; Li, C.-T.; Peng, H. Optimal decentralized charging control algorithm for electrified vehicles connected to smart grid. J. Power Sources 2011, 196, 10369-10379. [CrossRef] · DOI
  50. Habib, S.; Khan, M.M.; Abbas, F.; Tang, H. Assessment of electric vehicles concerning impacts, charging infrastructure with unidirectional and bidirectional chargers, and power flow comparisons. Int. J. Energy Res. 2018, 42, 3416-3441. [CrossRef] · DOI
  51. Guille, C.; Gross, G. A conceptual framework for the vehicle-to-grid (V2G) implementation. Energy Policy 2009, 37, 4379-4390. [CrossRef] · DOI · Paper page
  52. Sousa, T.; Morais, H.; Soares, J.; Vale, Z. Day-ahead resource scheduling in smart grids considering Vehicle-to-Grid and network constraints. Appl. Energy 2012, 96, 183-193. [CrossRef] · DOI
  53. Dogger, J.D.; Roossien, B.; Nieuwenhout, F.D.J. Characterization of Li-Ion Batteries for Intelligent Management of Distributed Grid-Connected Storage. IEEE Trans. Energy Convers. 2011, 26, 256-263. [CrossRef] · DOI
  54. Akhade, P.; Moghaddami, M.; Moghadasi, A.; Sarwat, A. A Review on Control Strategies for Integration of Electric Vehicles with Power Systems. In Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE/PES Transmission and Distribution Conference and Exposition (T&D), Denver, CO, USA, 16-19 April 2018; pp. 1-5.
  55. Krivchenkov, A.; Saltanovs, R. Analysis of wireless communications for V2G applications using WPT technology in energy transfer to mobile objects. In Proceedings of the 2015 56th International Scientific Conference on Power and Electrical Engineering of Riga Technical University (RTUCON), Riga, Latvia, 14 October 2015; pp. 1-4.
  56. Casaleiro, Â.; Amaro e Silva, R.; Teixeira, B.; Serra, J.M. Experimental assessment and model validation of power quality parameters for vehicle-to-grid systems. Electr. Power Syst. Res. 2021, 191, 106891. [CrossRef] · DOI
  57. Deilami, S.; Masoum, A.S.; Moses, P.S.; Masoum, M.A.S. Real-Time Coordination of Plug-In Electric Vehicle Charging in Smart Grids to Minimize Power Losses and Improve Voltage Profile. IEEE Trans. Smart Grid 2011, 2, 456-467. [CrossRef] · DOI
  58. Xu, D.Q.; Joós, G.; Lévesque, M.; Maier, M. Integrated V2G, G2V, and Renewable Energy Sources Coordination Over a Converged Fiber-Wireless Broadband Access Network. IEEE Trans. Smart Grid 2013, 4, 1381-1390. [CrossRef] · DOI
  59. Fahad, M.; Beenish, H. Efficient V2G Model on Smart Grid Power Systems Using Genetic Algorithm. In Proceedings of the 2019 1st Global Power, Energy and Communication Conference (GPECOM), Nevsehir, Turkey, 12-15 June 2019; pp. 445-450.
  60. Zengquan, Y.; Haiping, X.; Huachun, H.; Yingjie, Z. Research of bi-directional smart metering system for EV charging station based on ZigBee communication. In Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE Conference and Expo Transportation Electrification Asia-Pacific (ITEC Asia-Pacific), Beijing, China, 31 August-3 September 2014; pp. 1-5.
  61. Mwasilu, F.; Justo, J.J.; Kim, E.-K.; Do, T.D.; Jung, J.-W. Electric vehicles and smart grid interaction: A review on vehicle to grid and renewable energy sources integration. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2014, 34, 501-516. [CrossRef] · DOI · Paper page
  62. Fan, X.; Liu, B.; Liu, J.; Ding, J.; Han, X.; Deng, Y.; Lv, X.; Xie, Y.; Chen, B.; Hu, W.; et al. Battery Technologies for Grid-Level Large-Scale Electrical Energy Storage. Trans. Tianjin Univ. 2020, 26, 92-103. [CrossRef] · DOI
  63. Heydt, G.T. The Impact of Electric Vehicle Deployment on Load Management Straregies. IEEE Trans. Power Appar. Syst. 1983, PAS-102, 1253-1259. [CrossRef] · DOI · Paper page
  64. Mahmud, K.; Morsalin, S.; Kafle, Y.R.; Town, G.E. Improved peak shaving in grid-connected domestic power systems combining photovoltaic generation, battery storage, and V2G-capable electric vehicle. In Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE International Conference on Power System Technology (POWERCON), Wollongong, Australia, 28 September-1 October 2016; pp. 1-4.
  65. Shumei, C.; Xiaofei, L.; Dewen, T.; Qianfan, Z.; Liwei, S. The construction and simulation of V2G system in micro-grid. In Proceedings of the 2011 International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems, Beijing, China, 20-23 August 2011; pp. 1-4.
  66. Datta, U.; Saiprasad, N.; Kalam, A.; Shi, J.; Zayegh, A. A price-regulated electric vehicle charge-discharge strategy for G2V, V2H, and V2G. Int. J. Energy Res. 2019, 43, 1032-1042. [CrossRef] · DOI
  67. Salvatti, G.A.; Carati, E.G.; Cardoso, R.; da Costa, J.P.; Stein, C.M. Electric Vehicles Energy Management with V2G/G2V Multifactor Optimization of Smart Grids. Energies 2020, 13, 1191. [CrossRef] · DOI
  68. Onishi, V.C.; Antunes, C.H.; Trovão, J.P. Optimal Energy and Reserve Market Management in Renewable Microgrid-PEVs Parking Lot Systems: V2G, Demand Response and Sustainability Costs. Energies 2020, 13, 1884. [CrossRef] 100. Taghizadeh, S.; Hossain, M.J.; Lu, J.; Water, W. A unified multi-functional on-board EV charger for power-quality control in household networks. Appl. Energy 2018, 215, 186-201. [CrossRef] 101. · DOI · Paper page
  69. Brenna, M.; Foiadelli, F.; Longo, M.; Zaninelli, D. Power quality improvement in primary distribution grids through vehicle- to-grid technologies. In Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE International Electric Vehicle Conference (IEVC), Florence, Italy, 17-19 December 2014; pp. 1-8. 102.
  70. Zgheib, R.; Al-Haddad, K.; Kamwa, I. V2G, G2V and active filter operation of a bidirectional battery charger for electric vehicles. In Proceedings of the 2016 IEEE International Conference on Industrial Technology (ICIT), Taipei, Taiwan, 14-17 March 2016; pp. 1260-1265. 103.
  71. Iqbal, S.; Xin, A.; Jan, M.U.; Rehman, H.u.; Masood, A.; Rizvi, S.A.A.; Salman, S. Aggregated Electric Vehicle-to-Grid for Primary Frequency Control in a Microgrid-A Review. In Proceedings of the 2018 IEEE 2nd International Electrical and Energy Conference (CIEEC), Beijing, China, 4-6 November 2018; pp. 563-568. 104. Hsu, Y.; Kao, S.; Ho, C.; Jhou, P.; Lu, M.; Liaw, C. On an Electric Scooter with G2V/V2H/V2G and Energy Harvesting Functions. IEEE Trans. Power Electron. 2018, 33, 6910-6925. [CrossRef] 105. Tan, K.M.; Ramachandaramurthy, V.K.; Yong, J.Y. Integration of electric vehicles in smart grid: A review on vehicle to grid technologies and optimization techniques. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2016, 53, 720-732. [CrossRef] 106. Noel, L.; Zarazua de Rubens, G.; Kester, J.; Sovacool, B.K. The Technical Challenges to V2G. In Vehicle-to-Grid: A Sociotechnical Transition Beyond Electric Mobility; Noel, L., Zarazua de Rubens, G., Kester, J., Sovacool, B.K., Eds.; Springer International Publishing: Cham, Switzerland, 2019; pp. 65-89. 107. Pillai, J.R.; Bak-Jensen, B. Impacts of electric vehicle loads on power distribution systems. In Proceedings of the 2010 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference, Lille, France, 1-3 September 2010; pp. 1-6. 108. Wang, B.; Zhao, D.; Dehghanian, P.; Tian, Y.; Hong, T. Aggregated Electric Vehicle Load Modeling in Large-Scale Electric Power Systems. IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl. 2020, 56, 5796-5810. [CrossRef] 109. · DOI
  72. Hadley, S.W.; Tsvetkova, A.A. Potential Impacts of Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles on Regional Power Generation. Electr. J. 2009, 22, 56-68. [CrossRef] 110. · DOI
  73. Brenna, M.; Foiadelli, F.; Longo, M. The Exploitation of Vehicle-to-Grid Function for Power Quality Improvement in a Smart Grid. IEEE Trans. Intell. Transp. Syst. 2014, 15, 2169-2177. [CrossRef] 111. Alghsoon, E.; Harb, A.; Hamdan, M. Power quality and stability impacts of Vehicle to grid (V2G) connection. In Proceedings of the 2017 8th International Renewable Energy Congress (IREC), Amman, Jordan, 21-23 March 2017; pp. 1-6. 112. · DOI
  74. Yong, J.Y.; Ramachandaramurthy, V.K.; Tan, K.M.; Mithulananthan, N. A review on the state-of-the-art technologies of electric vehicle, its impacts and prospects. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2015, 49, 365-385. [CrossRef] 113. · DOI
  75. Muzir, N.A.; Mojumder, M.R.; Hasanuzzaman, M.; Selvaraj, J. Challenges of Electric Vehicles and Their Prospects in Malaysia: A Comprehensive Review. Sustainability 2022, 14, 8320. [CrossRef] 114. Mamun, K.A.; Islam, F.R.; Haque, R.; Chand, A.A.; Prasad, K.A.; Goundar, K.K.; Prakash, K.; Maharaj, S. Systematic Modeling and Analysis of On-Board Vehicle Integrated Novel Hybrid Renewable Energy System with Storage for Electric Vehicles. Sustainability 2022, 14, 2538. [CrossRef] 115. Prakash, K.; Ali, M.; Siddique, M.N.I.; Chand, A.A.; Kumar, N.M.; Dong, D.; Pota, H.R. A review of battery energy storage systems for ancillary services in distribution grids: Current status, challenges and future directions. Front. Energy Res. 2022, 10, 971704. [CrossRef] 116. Sadeghi-Barzani, P.; Rajabi-Ghahnavieh, A.; Kazemi-Karegar, H. Optimal fast charging station placing and sizing. Appl. Energy 2014, 125, 289-299. [CrossRef] 117. Kapassa, E.; Themistocleous, M.; Christodoulou, K.; Iosif, E. Blockchain Application in Internet of Vehicles: Challenges, Contributions and Current Limitations. Future Internet 2021, 13, 313. [CrossRef] 118. Liu, D.; Li, D.; Liu, X.; Ma, L.; Yu, H.; Zhang, H. Research on a Cross-Domain Authentication Scheme Based on Consortium Blockchain in V2G Networks of Smart Grid. In Proceedings of the 2018 2nd IEEE Conference on Energy Internet and Energy System Integration (EI2), Beijing, China, 20-22 October 2018; pp. 1-5. 119. · DOI
  76. Chamola, V.; Sancheti, A.; Chakravarty, S.; Kumar, N.; Guizani, M. An IoT and Edge Computing Based Framework for Charge Scheduling and EV Selection in V2G Systems. IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol. 2020, 69, 10569-10580. [CrossRef] 120. Joseph, A.; Balachandra, P. Smart Grid to Energy Internet: A Systematic Review of Transitioning Electricity Systems. IEEE Access 2020, 8, 215787-215805. [CrossRef] 121. Wang, H.; Wang, Q.; He, D.; Li, Q.; Liu, Z. BBARS: Blockchain-Based Anonymous Rewarding Scheme for V2G Networks. IEEE Internet Things J. 2019, 6, 3676-3687. [CrossRef] 122. Kumar, N.M.; Chand, A.A.; Malvoni, M.; Prasad, K.A.; Mamun, K.A.; Islam, F.R.; Chopra, S.S. Distributed Energy Resources and the Application of AI, IoT, and Blockchain in Smart Grids. Energies 2020, 13, 5739. [CrossRef] 123. · DOI
  77. Au, M.H.; Liu, J.K.; Fang, J.; Jiang, Z.L.; Susilo, W.; Zhou, J. A New Payment System for Enhancing Location Privacy of Electric Vehicles. IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol. 2014, 63, 3-18. [CrossRef] 124. Chan, A.C.F.; Zhou, J. On smart grid cybersecurity standardization: Issues of designing with NISTIR 7628. IEEE Commun. Mag. 2013, 51, 58-65. [CrossRef] 125. Moghadasi, N.; Collier, Z.A.; Koch, A.; Slutzky, D.L.; Polmateer, T.L.; Manasco, M.C.; Lambert, J.H. Trust and security of electric vehicle-to-grid systems and hardware supply chains. Reliab. Eng. Syst. Saf. 2022, 225, 108565. [CrossRef] 126. Kaveh, M.; Martín, D.; Mosavi, M.R. A Lightweight Authentication Scheme for V2G Communications: A PUF-Based Approach Ensuring Cyber/Physical Security and Identity/Location Privacy. Electronics 2020, 9, 1479. [CrossRef] 127. Han, W.; Xiao, Y. Privacy preservation for V2G networks in smart grid: A survey. Comput. Commun. 2016, 91-92, 17-28. [CrossRef] 128. Saxena, N.; Grijalva, S.; Chukwuka, V.; Vasilakos, A.V. Network Security and Privacy Challenges in Smart Vehicle-to-Grid. IEEE Wirel. Commun. 2017, 24, 88-98. [CrossRef] 129. Dharmakeerthi, C.H.; Mithulananthan, N.; Saha, T.K. Impact of electric vehicle fast charging on power system voltage stability. Int. J. Electr. Power Energy Syst. 2014, 57, 241-249. [CrossRef] 130. Dubey, A.; Santoso, S.; Cloud, M.P.; Waclawiak, M. Determining Time-of-Use Schedules for Electric Vehicle Loads: A Practical Perspective. IEEE Power Energy Technol. Syst. J. 2015, 2, 12-20. [CrossRef] 131. Li, S.; Gu, C.; Li, J.; Wang, H.; Yang, Q. Boosting Grid Efficiency and Resiliency by Releasing V2G Potentiality Through a Novel Rolling Prediction-Decision Framework and Deep-LSTM Algorithm. IEEE Syst. J. 2021, 15, 2562-2570. [CrossRef] 132. Cai, J.; Chen, C.; Liu, P.; Duan, S. Centralized control of parallel connected power conditioning system in electric vehicle charge-discharge and storage integration station. J. Mod. Power Syst. Clean Energy 2015, 3, 269-276. [CrossRef] 133. Qi, W.; An, H.; Wang, M.; Dong, X.; Jiang, Q.; Zhang, Q.; Mu, Y.; Jia, H. Modeling and Control of Centralized Electric Vehicles for Regulation Service. In Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE Power & Energy Society General Meeting (PESGM), Montreal, Canada, 2-6 August 2020; pp. 1-5. 134. Das, S. Prioritising Measures for EV Integration-Insights from Asian Emerging EV Markets; IEA: Paris, France, 2022. 135. · DOI
  78. Triviño-Cabrera, A.; Aguado, J.A.; Torre, S.D.L. Joint routing and scheduling for electric vehicles in smart grids with V2G. Energy 2019, 175, 113-122. [CrossRef] 136. Wang, D.; Sechilariu, M.; Locment, F. PV-Powered Charging Station for Electric Vehicles: Power Management with Integrated V2G. Appl. Sci. 2020, 10, 6500. [CrossRef] 137. Dai, S.; Gao, F.; Guan, X.; Yan, C.B.; Liu, K.; Dong, J.; Yang, L. Robust Energy Management for a Corporate Energy System with Shift-Working V2G. IEEE Trans. Autom. Sci. Eng. 2021, 18, 650-667. [CrossRef] 138. Bizon, N. Energy efficiency of multiport power converters used in plug-in/V2G fuel cell vehicles. Appl. Energy 2012, 96, 431-443. [CrossRef] 139. Dalong, G.; Chi, Z. Potential performance analysis and future trend prediction of electric vehicle with V2G/V2H/V2B capability. AIMS Energy 2016, 4, 331-346. [CrossRef] 140. Kempton, W.; Tomić, J. Vehicle-to-grid power implementation: From stabilizing the grid to supporting large-scale renewable energy. J. Power Sources 2005, 144, 280-294. [CrossRef] 141. Lund, H.; Kempton, W. Integration of renewable energy into the transport and electricity sectors through V2G. Energy Policy 2008, 36, 3578-3587. [CrossRef] 142. Sovacool, B.K.; Hirsh, R.F. Beyond batteries: An examination of the benefits and barriers to plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) and a vehicle-to-grid (V2G) transition. Energy Policy 2009, 37, 1095-1103. [CrossRef] 143. Sovacool, B.K.; Noel, L.; Axsen, J.; Kempton, W. The neglected social dimensions to a vehicle-to-grid (V2G) transition: A critical and systematic review. Environ. Res. Lett. 2018, 13, 013001. [CrossRef] 144. Darcovich, K.; Laurent, T.; Ribberink, H. Improved prospects for V2X with longer range 2nd generation electric vehicles. eTransportation 2020, 6, 100085. [CrossRef] 145. Maeng, K.; Ko, S.; Shin, J.; Cho, Y. How Much Electricity Sharing Will Electric Vehicle Owners Allow from Their Battery? Incorporating Vehicle-to-Grid Technology and Electricity Generation Mix. Energies 2020, 13, 4248. [CrossRef] 146. Arora, S.; Kapoor, A. Experimental Study of Heat Generation Rate during Discharge of LiFePO4 Pouch Cells of Different Nominal Capacities and Thickness. Batteries 2019, 5, 70. [CrossRef] 147. Bishop, J.D.K.; Axon, C.J.; Bonilla, D.; Tran, M.; Banister, D.; McCulloch, M.D. Evaluating the impact of V2G services on the degradation of batteries in PHEV and EV. Appl. Energy 2013, 111, 206-218. [CrossRef] 148. Han, S.; Han, S.; Sezaki, K. Economic assessment on V2G frequency regulation regarding the battery degradation. In Proceedings of the 2012 IEEE PES Innovative Smart Grid Technologies (ISGT), Washington, DC, USA, 16-20 January 2012; pp. 1-6. 149. · DOI
  79. Sharma, S.; Panwar, A.K.; Tripathi, M.M. Storage technologies for electric vehicles. J. Traffic Transp. Eng. 2020, 7, 340-361. [CrossRef] 150. Deng, J.; Bae, C.; Denlinger, A.; Miller, T. Electric Vehicles Batteries: Requirements and Challenges. Joule 2020, 4, 511-515. [CrossRef] 151. · DOI · Paper page
  80. Manzetti, S.; Mariasiu, F. Electric vehicle battery technologies: From present state to future systems. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2015, 51, 1004-1012. [CrossRef] 152. Aryanezhad, M. Optimization of grid connected bidirectional V2G charger based on multi-objective algorithm. In Proceedings of the 2017 8th Power Electronics, Drive Systems & Technologies Conference (PEDSTC), Mashhad, Iran, 14-16 February 2017; pp. 519-524. 153. De Luca, F.; Calderaro, V.; Galdi, V. A Fuzzy Logic-Based Control Algorithm for the Recharge/V2G of a Nine-Phase Integrated On-Board Battery Charger. Electronics 2020, 9, 946. [CrossRef] 154. Gao, W.; Liu, X.; Cui, S.; Li, K. Design and Simulation of a Bidirectional On-board Charger for V2G Application. In Proceedings of the Intelligent Computing in Smart Grid and Electrical Vehicles, Berlin, Heidelberg, 20-23 September 2014; pp. 486-495. 155. Vermeer, W.; Bandyopadhyay, S.; Bauer, P. Design of Misalignment Tolerant Control for an Inductive Charger with V2G Possibilities. In Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE PELS Workshop on Emerging Technologies: Wireless Power Transfer (WoW), London, UK, 18-21 June 2019; pp. 273-278. 156. · DOI
  81. Fan, J.; Chen, Z. Cost-Benefit Analysis of Optimal Charging Strategy for Electric Vehicle with V2G. In Proceedings of the 2019 North American Power Symposium (NAPS), Wichita, KS, USA, 13-15 October 2019; pp. 1-6. 157.
  82. Han, J.; Zhou, X.; Lu, S.; Zhao, P. A Three-Phase Bidirectional Grid-Connected AC/DC Converter for V2G Applications. J. Control Sci. Eng. 2020, 2020, 8844073. [CrossRef] 158. Jorge, L.; Concepcion, H.; Arjona, M.A.; Lesedi, M.; Ambrish, C. Performance Evaluation of an Active Neutral-Point-Clamped Multilevel Converter for Active Filtering in G2V-V2G and V2H Applications. IEEE Access 2022, 10, 41607-41621. [CrossRef] 159. · DOI
  83. Islam, F.R.; Pota, H.R. V2G technology to improve wind power quality and stability. In Proceedings of the 2011 Australian Control Conference, Melbourne, Australia, 10-11 November 2011; pp. 452-457. 160.
  84. Islam, F.R.; Pota, H.R. Design a PV-AF system using V2G technology to improve power quality. In Proceedings of the IECON 2011-37th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society, Melbourne, Australia, 7-10 November 2011; pp. 861-866. 161.
  85. Islam, F.R.; Pota, H.R.; Ali, M.S. V2G technology for designing active filter system to improve wind power quality. In Proceedings of the AUPEC 2011, Brisbane, Australia, 25-28 September 2011; pp. 1-6. 162.
  86. Islam, F.R.; Pota, H.R.; Anwar, A.; Nasiruzzaman, A.B.M. Design a Unified Power Quality Conditioner using V2G technology. In Proceedings of the 2012 IEEE International Power Engineering and Optimization Conference Melaka, Melaka, Malaysia, 6-7 June 2012; pp. 521-526. 163. Janfeshan, K.; Masoum, M.A.S.; Deilami, S. V2G application to frequency regulation in a microgrid using decentralized fuzzy controller. In Proceedings of the Proceedings of 2014 International Conference on Modelling, Identification & Control, Melbourne, Australia, 3-5 December 2014; pp. 361-364. 164. Krishna, B.; Anusha, D.; Karthikeyan, V. Ultra-Fast DC Charger with Improved Power Quality and Optimal Algorithmic Approach to Enable V2G and G2V. J. Circuits Syst. Comput. 2020, 29, 2050197. [CrossRef] 165. Mahmud, M.A.; Hossain, M.J.; Pota, H.R.; Roy, N.K. Nonlinear Controller Design for Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) Systems to Enhance Power Quality and Power System Stability. IFAC Proc. Vol. 2014, 47, 7659-7664. [CrossRef] 166. Zolfaghari, M.; Ahmadiahangar, R.; Gharehpetian, G.B.; Rosin, A.; Plaum, F. Using V2G Technology as Virtual Active Power Filter for Flexibility Enhancement of HVDC Systems. In Proceedings of the 2020 IEEE 14th International Conference on Compatibility, Power Electronics and Power Engineering (CPE-POWERENG), Setubal, Portugal, 8-10 July 2020; pp. 489-494. 167. Lara, J.; Masisi, L.; Hernandez, C.; Arjona, M.A.; Chandra, A. Novel Five-Level ANPC Bidirectional Converter for Power Quality Enhancement during G2V/V2G Operation of Cascaded EV Charger. Energies 2021, 14, 2650. [CrossRef] 168. · DOI
  87. Falahi, M.; Chou, H.; Ehsani, M.; Xie, L.; Butler-Purry, K.L. Potential Power Quality Benefits of Electric Vehicles. IEEE Trans. Sustain. Energy 2013, 4, 1016-1023. [CrossRef] 169. Sovacool, B.K.; Kester, J.; Noel, L.; Zarazua de Rubens, G. Actors, business models, and innovation activity systems for vehicle-to- grid (V2G) technology: A comprehensive review. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 2020, 131, 109963. [CrossRef] 170. Jain, P.; Meena, D.; Jain, T. Revenue valuation of aggregated electric vehicles participating in V2G power service. In Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE Innovative Smart Grid Technologies-Asia (ISGT ASIA), Bangkok, Thailand, 3-6 November 2015; pp. 1-6. 171. Li, X.; Tan, Y.; Liu, X.; Liao, Q.; Sun, B.; Cao, G.; Li, C.; Yang, X.; Wang, Z. A cost-benefit analysis of V2G electric vehicles supporting peak shaving in Shanghai. Electr. Power Syst. Res. 2020, 179, 106058. [CrossRef] 172. Ren, H.; Zhang, A.; Li, W. Study on Optimal V2G Pricing Strategy under Multi-Aggregator Competition Based on Game Theory. In Proceedings of the 2019 IEEE Sustainable Power and Energy Conference (iSPEC), Beijing, China, 21-23 November 2019; pp. 1027-1032. 173. Liu, H.; Ning, H.; Zhang, Y.; Xiong, Q.; Yang, L.T. Role-Dependent Privacy Preservation for Secure V2G Networks in the Smart Grid. IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Secur. 2014, 9, 208-220. [CrossRef] 174. Zhou, Z.; Wang, B.; Dong, M.; Ota, K. Secure and Efficient Vehicle-to-Grid Energy Trading in Cyber Physical Systems: Integration of Blockchain and Edge Computing. IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern. Syst. 2020, 50, 43-57. [CrossRef] 175. Aggarwal, S.; Kumar, N.; Gope, P. An Efficient Blockchain-Based Authentication Scheme for Energy-Trading in V2G Networks. IEEE Trans. Ind. Inform. 2021, 17, 6971-6980. [CrossRef] 176. Lucas, A.; Bonavitacola, F.; Kotsakis, E.; Fulli, G. Grid harmonic impact of multiple electric vehicle fast charging. Electr. Power Syst. Res. 2015, 127, 13-21. [CrossRef] 177. · DOI
  88. Orr, J.A.; Emanuel, A.E.; Oberg, K.W. Current Harmonics Generated by a Cluster of Electric Vehicle Battery Chargers. IEEE Trans. Power Appar. Syst. 1982, PAS-101, 691-700. [CrossRef] 178. Chen, X.; Wang, J.; Patel, V.I.; Lazari, P. A Nine-Phase 18-Slot 14-Pole Interior Permanent Magnet Machine with Low Space Harmonics for Electric Vehicle Applications. IEEE Trans. Energy Convers. 2016, 31, 860-871. [CrossRef] 179. Cheng, L.; Sui, Y.; Zheng, P.; Yin, Z.; Wang, C. Investigation of low space harmonic six-phase PMSM with FSCWS for electric vehicle applications. In Proceedings of the 2017 IEEE Transportation Electrification Conference and Expo, Asia-Pacific (ITEC Asia-Pacific), Harbin, China, 7-10 August 2017; pp. 1-5. 180. Wang, J.; Patel, V.I.; Wang, W. Fractional-Slot Permanent Magnet Brushless Machines with Low Space Harmonic Contents. IEEE Trans. Magn. 2014, 50, 1-9. [CrossRef] 181. Patel, V.I.; Wang, J.; Wang, W.; Chen, X. Six-Phase Fractional-Slot-per-Pole-per-Phase Permanent-Magnet Machines with Low Space Harmonics for Electric Vehicle Application. IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl. 2014, 50, 2554-2563. [CrossRef] 182. Fan, X.; Zhang, B.; Qu, R.; Li, D.; Li, J.; Huo, Y. Comparative Thermal Analysis of IPMSMs With Integral-Slot Distributed-Winding (ISDW) and Fractional-Slot Concentrated-Winding (FSCW) for Electric Vehicle Application. IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl. 2019, 55, 3577-3588. [CrossRef] 183. Zhou, C.; Qian, K.; Allan, M.; Zhou, W. Modeling of the Cost of EV Battery Wear Due to V2G Application in Power Systems. IEEE Trans. Energy Convers. 2011, 26, 1041-1050. [CrossRef] 184. Scott, C.; Ahsan, M.; Albarbar, A. Machine Learning Based Vehicle to Grid Strategy for Improving the Energy Performance of Public Buildings. Sustainability 2021, 13, 4003. [CrossRef] 185. Petit, M.; Prada, E.; Sauvant-Moynot, V. Development of an empirical aging model for Li-ion batteries and application to assess the impact of Vehicle-to-Grid strategies on battery lifetime. Appl. Energy 2016, 172, 398-407. [CrossRef] 186. · DOI
  89. Adany, R.; Aurbach, D.; Kraus, S. Switching algorithms for extending battery life in Electric Vehicles. J. Power Sources 2013, 231, 50-59. [CrossRef] 187. · DOI
  90. Hoke, A.; Brissette, A.; Smith, K.; Pratt, A.; Maksimovic, D. Accounting for Lithium-Ion Battery Degradation in Electric Vehicle Charging Optimization. IEEE J. Emerg. Sel. Top. Power Electron. 2014, 2, 691-700. [CrossRef] 188. Vatanparvar, K.; Faruque, M.A.A. Battery lifetime-aware automotive climate control for Electric Vehicles. In Proceedings of the 2015 52nd ACM/EDAC/IEEE Design Automation Conference (DAC), San Francisco, CA, USA, 8-12 June 2015; pp. 1-6. 189. · DOI
  91. Saidur, R.; Masjuki, H.H.; Hasanuzzaman, M. Perfromance of an improved solar car ventilator. Int. J. Mech. Mater. Eng. 2009, 4, 24-34. 190.
  92. Min, H.; Zhang, Z.; Sun, W.; Min, Z.; Yu, Y.; Wang, B. A thermal management system control strategy for electric vehicles under low-temperature driving conditions considering battery lifetime. Appl. Therm. Eng. 2020, 181, 115944. [CrossRef] 191. Blanes, J.M.; Gutiérrez, R.; Garrigós, A.; Lizán, J.L.; Cuadrado, J.M. Electric Vehicle Battery Life Extension Using Ultracapacitors and an FPGA Controlled Interleaved Buck-Boost Converter. IEEE Trans. Power Electron. 2013, 28, 5940-5948. [CrossRef] 192. Saxena, N.; Choi, B.J. Authentication Scheme for Flexible Charging and Discharging of Mobile Vehicles in the V2G Networks. IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics Secur. 2016, 11, 1438-1452. [CrossRef] 193. EverythingRF. What is DSRC (Dedicated Short Range Communication)? Available online: https://www.everythingrf.com/ community/what-is-dsrc# (accessed on 20 September 2022). 194. · DOI
  93. Bansal, G.; Naren, N.; Chamola, V.; Sikdar, B.; Kumar, N.; Guizani, M. Lightweight Mutual Authentication Protocol for V2G Using Physical Unclonable Function. IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol. 2020, 69, 7234-7246. [CrossRef] 195. Mousavian, S.; Erol-Kantarci, M.; Ortmeyer, T. Cyber Attack Protection for a Resilient Electric Vehicle Infrastructure. In Proceedings of the 2015 IEEE Globecom Workshops (GC Wkshps), San Diego, CA, USA, 6-10 December 2015; pp. 1-6. · DOI

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Mojumder, M. R. H., Ahmed Antara, F., Hasanuzzaman, M., Alamri, B., & Alsharef, M.
Affiliations
  • Khulna University of Engineering and Technology (BD)
  • Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Daffodil International University, Dhaka 1341, Bangladesh
  • University of Malaya (MY)
  • Taif University (SA)
Corresponding author
Hasanuzzaman, Md.
ORCID
Venue
Sustainability
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2022-10-25
Volume
14
Issue
21
Pages
13856
ISSN
2071-1050 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3390/su142113856
OpenAlex
W4307548964
Cited by
306
References
3
Citations by year
2026: 91 · 2025: 121 · 2024: 64 · 2023: 29 · 2022: 1
FWCI
14.72
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Sustainability (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
Funders
Taif University (TURSP-2020/278)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Electric Vehicles and Infrastructure
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Smart Grid Energy Management
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Automotive Engineering › Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Technologies
Keywords
vehicle-to-grid, electric vehicles, grid impact, bidirectional charging, smart grid, battery degradation, charging standards, government incentives

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review