The role of biochar and biochar-compost in improving soil quality and crop performance: a review
Abstract
Multiple nutrient deficiencies related to severe soil fertility depletion have emerged as the major constraint to the sustainability of agriculture on a global scale. Use of biochar and biochar-compost mixtures from different alternative organic sources have been proposed as an option for improving soil fertility, restoring degraded land, and mitigating the emissions of greenhouse gasses associated with agriculture. We review the findings of 634 publications in the last decade on biochar and biochar-compost mixtures as soil amendments in order to identify the potential gaps in our understanding of the role of these amendments in agriculture. We found that: i) the majority of published studies have been carried out in developed countries where soils are less impaired in terms of food production capacity than in many developing countries; ii) studies on biochar produced in small kilns are more common than biochars produced at commercial scale in developed countries, whereas biochars produced using traditional techniques are more commonly used than biochars produced in modern pyrolysis units in developing countries; iii) laboratory and greenhouse studies are more common than field studies; and iv) wood and municipal wastes were the major feedstock for the preparation of biochar compared to crop residues and manures. Although, biochar-compost application proved to be more generally effective in improving soil properties and crop yields (field crops and horticulture crops) than biochar alone, along with desired soil properties, could be a feasible alternative to remediate the degraded soils and improve their productivity potential in the long-term. Overall, a lack of long-term, well-designed field studies on the efficacy of biochar and biochar-compost mixtures on different soil types and agro-climatic zones are limiting our current understanding of biochar's potential to enhance crop production and mitigate climate change. We further suggest that greater collaboration between researchers, biochar producers, and policy makers is required to advance the research and uptake of this important technology at a global scale.
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Conversion of forest residues to biochar in pellet form helps capture carbon from the environment and store it in the soil, thus reducing CO2 in the atmosphere, in addition to increasing soil productivity and enhancing soil carbon.
“Conversion of forest residues to biochar in the pellet form also helps to capture carbon from the environment and store it in the soil, thus reducing CO 2 in the atmosphere, in addition to increasing soil productivity and enhancing soil carbon [2,10].”
From Lifecycle Assessment and Techno-Economic Analysis of Biochar Pellet Production from Forest Residues and Field Application (2022) · cites this paper as [2]
Application of biochar to soils can increase soil fertility mainly through positive effects on soil structure and functionality.
“Even though carbon in char is considered stable and not bioavailable, its application to soils can increase soil fertility mainly through positive effects on soil structure and functionality (Agegnehu et al., 2017).”
From Intensify production, transform biomass to energy and novel goods and protect soils in Europe—A vision how to mobilize marginal lands (2018) · cites this paper as Agegnehu et al., 2017
Biochar can participate in nutrient cycling processes by physicochemical interactions, such as surface adsorption of various elements.
“While biochar can interfere with the key carbon and nitrogen cycle processes by interacting with relevant microorganisms, it can also participate in the nutrient cycling processes by physicochemical interactions, such as surface adsorption of various elements (Agegnehu et al., 2017; Bornø et al., 2018; Mandal et al., 2016b; 2018; Xu et al., 2018a).”
From A review on biochar modulated soil condition improvements and nutrient dynamics concerning crop yields: Pathways to climate change mitigation and global food security (2019) · cites this paper as Agegnehu et al., 2017
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- Authors
- Agegnehu, G., Srivastava, A. K., & Bird, M. I.
- Affiliations
- James Cook University (AU)
- Central Citrus Research Institute (IN)
- Corresponding author
- Agegnehu, Getachew
- Venue
- Applied Soil Ecology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2017-10
- Volume
- 119
- Pages
- 156-170
- ISSN
- 0929-1393 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2727373143
- Cited by
- 928
- References
- 198
- Citations by year
- 2026: 123 · 2025: 147 · 2024: 130 · 2023: 129 · 2022: 108 · 2021: 98 · 2020: 94 · 2019: 60 · 2018: 32 · 2017: 6
- FWCI
- 57.54
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Applied Soil Ecology (publishedVersion)
- ResearchOnline - JCU (James Cook University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Australian Federal Government's Filling the Research Gap Round 1- National Soil Carbon Program
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Soil Science › Soil Carbon and Nitrogen Dynamics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Soil Science › Agricultural Science and Fertilization
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Thermochemical Biomass Conversion Processes
- Keywords
- biochar, soil amendment, soil fertility, soil quality, crop yield, degraded area recovery, greenhouse gas emissions reduction, pyrolysis feedstock, crop residues, manure, soil nutrient deficiency, horticultural crops, fieldwork
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