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Cited by 327Mycotoxins in Agriculture and FoodPlant Pathogens and Fungal DiseasesMicrobial Natural Products and Biosynthesis

Aflatoxin Contamination, Its Impact and Management Strategies: An Updated Review

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Shabeer, Saba, Asad, Shahzad, Jamal, Atif, Ali, Akhtar·2022·Toxins
DOI 10.3390/toxins14050307PMC PMC9147583
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Abstract

Aflatoxin, a type of mycotoxin, is mostly produced by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. It is responsible for the loss of billions of dollars to the world economy, by contaminating different crops such as cotton, groundnut, maize, and chilies, and causing immense effects on the health of humans and animals. More than eighteen different types of aflatoxins have been reported to date, and among them, aflatoxins B1, B2, G1, and G2 are the most prevalent and lethal. Early detection of fungal infection plays a key role in the control of aflatoxin contamination. Therefore, different methods, including culture, chromatographic techniques, and molecular assays, are used to determine aflatoxin contamination in crops and food products. Many countries have set a maximum limit of aflatoxin contamination (2–20 ppb) in their food and agriculture commodities for human or animal consumption, and the use of different methods to combat this menace is essential. Fungal infection mostly takes place during the pre- and post-harvest stage of crops, and most of the methods to control aflatoxin are employed for the latter phase. Studies have shown that if correct measures are adopted during the crop development phase, aflatoxin contamination can be reduced by a significant level. Currently, the use of bio-pesticides is the intervention employed in many countries, whereby atoxigenic strains competitively reduce the burden of toxigenic strains in the field, thereby helping to mitigate this problem. This updated review on aflatoxins sheds light on the sources of contamination, and the on occurrence, impact, detection techniques, and management strategies, with a special emphasis on bio-pesticides to control aflatoxins.

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Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Shabeer, S., Asad, S., Jamal, A., & Ali, A.
Affiliations
  • Crop Diseases Research Institute, National Agricultural Research Centre, Park Road, Islamabad 45500, Pakistan
  • University of Tulsa (US)
Corresponding author
  • Jamal, Atif
  • Ali, Akhtar
ORCID
Venue
Toxins
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2022-04-27
Volume
14
Issue
5
Pages
307
ISSN
2072-6651 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3390/toxins14050307
PMC
PMC9147583
OpenAlex
W4224979575
Cited by
327
References
2
Citations by year
2026: 89 · 2025: 102 · 2024: 74 · 2023: 52 · 2022: 10
FWCI
5.47
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Toxins (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders
Department of Biological Science and Office of Research and Sponsored Programs at The Uni-versity of Tulsa
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Mycotoxins in Agriculture and Food
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Plant Pathogens and Fungal Diseases
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Microbial Natural Products and Biosynthesis
Keywords
aflatoxin contamination, aflatoxins, aflatoxin B1, aflatoxin B2, aflatoxin G1, aflatoxin G2, maximum permitted limits, biopesticides, atoxigenic strains, food safety
MeSH terms
Aflatoxins, Animals, Aspergillus flavus, Zea mays, Pesticides, Crops, Agricultural

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