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Cited by 0Coconut Research and ApplicationsEssential Oils and Antimicrobial ActivityBacterial Identification and Susceptibility Testing

Characterization and Antibiotic Susceptibility of Bacteria Isolated from Coconut Water (Cocos Nucifera L.) and Phytochemical Analysis of Methanolic Extract of Coconut Husk

Open access
·2025·International Journal of Progressive Research in Engineering Management and Science
DOI 10.58257/ijprems43207
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Abstract

This study aimed to identify and characterize bacterial species present in coconut water (Cocos Nucifera L.), assess their antibiotic susceptibility, and analyze the phytochemical properties of the methanolic extract of coconut husk.Coconut fruits were collected from Oje, Bodija, and Ayeye markets in Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria, and transported aseptically to the laboratory.Coconut water was extracted by traditional methods, and microbiological analysis was conducted using nutrient agar, MacConkey agar, and Potato Dextrose Agar for bacterial and fungal isolation.Gram staining and biochemical tests, such as catalase, oxidase, indole, methyl red, and sugar fermentation, helped identify bacterial isolates, including Pseudomonas pseudomallei, Nesterenema massiliensis, Paenibacillus amylolyticus, and Yersinia massiliensis.Antibiotic susceptibility testing using the Kirby-Bauer method revealed varying resistance patterns, with Pseudomonas spp.showing resistance to amoxicillin and chloramphenicol.Fungal isolates such as Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, and Candida tropicalis were also identified.Phytochemical analysis of coconut husk methanolic extract revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, glycosides, and terpenoids, with stronger concentrations of flavonoids and glycosides in fresh husk samples.The study investigates the cultural, morphological, biochemical, and phytochemical characteristics of microorganisms isolated from coconut water and coconut husks.Bacteria were identified using macroscopic and microscopic features, revealing diverse forms such as cocci, rods, and bacilli, with a range of reactions to Gram staining.The biochemical tests indicated the presence of various enzymes and metabolic pathways, suggesting different bacterial species like Pseudomonas pseudomallei and Aeromonas eucrenophila.Antibiotic susceptibility showed varying resistance profiles.Additionally, phytochemical screening of coconut husk samples revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, and glycosides, with variations between fresh and dry samples, indicating their potential bioactive properties.These compounds, known for their antimicrobial and antioxidant properties, may contribute to the natural antimicrobial defenses of coconut water.The findings suggest that coconut water can harbor both beneficial and harmful microorganisms, highlighting the need for proper handling to prevent contamination.The bioactive compounds in coconut husk offer potential as natural antimicrobial agents, underscoring the significance of coconut by-products in health-related applications.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

This study isolated and characterized bacteria and fungi from coconut water collected in Ibadan markets and screened methanolic coconut husk extract for phytochemicals. It reports diverse bacterial isolates with variable antibiotic resistance, fungal contaminants including *Aspergillus flavus*, and alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, and glycosides in husk.

Key findings

  • Table 1 reports 18 bacterial isolates from coconut water; identified organisms included *Pseudomonas pseudomallei*, *Nesterenema massiliensis*, *Paenibacillus amylolyticus*, *Yersinia massiliensis*, *Bacillus* spp., *Staphylococcus nepalensis*, and *Aeromonas eucrenophila*.
  • Antibiotic susceptibility testing showed the majority of tested organisms were resistant to all antibiotics except *Pseudomonas pseudomallei*, *Yersinia massiliensis*, *Erwinia mallotivora*, *Pseudomonas tremae*, and *Pseudomonas syringae*, which were susceptible to most antibiotics; *Pseudomonas* spp. (B2, B9, B10) showed moderate resistance to amoxicillin and chloramphenicol.
  • Fungal isolates were *Aspergillus flavus*, *Aspergillus niger*, *Fusarium* spp., *Rhizopus stolonifer*, *Candida tropicalis*, and *Penicillium* spp.
  • Phytochemical screening of fresh and dry coconut husk methanolic extracts detected alkaloids (++/++), flavonoids (++/+), saponins (+/+), and glycosides (++/++); tannin, phenol, steroid, and terpenoid were absent (−/−), with flavonoids stronger in fresh than dry husk.

Methods

  • Coconut fruits were procured from Oje, Bodija, and Ayeye markets in Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria; coconut water was extracted by traditional smashing from two coconuts into separate sterile containers labeled sample A and sample B.
  • Microbiological analysis used pour plate methods with nutrient agar and MacConkey agar for bacteria and potato dextrose agar for fungi; bacteria were incubated at 35°C for 24 h, fungi at room temperature for 7 days then 27–29°C. Identification used Gram staining and biochemical tests (catalase, oxidase, indole, methyl red, motility, sugar fermentation), while antibiotic susceptibility used the Kirby-Bauer method on Mueller-Hinton agar.
  • Fresh and dry coconut husk were pounded, extracted with methanol using a Soxhlet apparatus, concentrated under reduced pressure, and subjected to qualitative phytochemical tests for alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, phenol, tannins, glycosides, terpenoids, and steroids.

Limitations

  • Not stated in the paper.
  • Evident from the text: only two coconut water samples (A and B) from three markets were analyzed, with no replication or sample-size justification described.
  • Evident from the text: bacterial and fungal identification relied on cultural, morphological, biochemical, and microscopic methods without molecular confirmation; phytochemical screening was qualitative only; and the antibiotic susceptibility table contains missing or ambiguous entries.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.58257/ijprems43207

Cites

0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

3 of 15 cited sources checked · 1 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured

  • Findingown data

    Phytochemical screening of coconut husk samples revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, and glycosides.

    “Additionally, phytochemical screening of coconut husk samples revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, and glycosides, with variations between fresh and dry samples, indicating their potential bioactive properties.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    Flavonoids and glycosides were present in stronger amounts in fresh coconut husk samples than in dry samples.

    “with a stronger presence of flavonoids and glycosides in the fresh samples.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data

    Antibiotic susceptibility testing of bacteria isolated from coconut water revealed varying resistance patterns.

    “Antibiotic susceptibility testing using the Kirby-Bauer method revealed varying resistance patterns, with Pseudomonas spp.showing resistance to amoxicillin and chloramphenicol.”
    • Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
      “Antibiotic susceptibility showed varying resistance profiles.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The traditional method of breaking coconuts and collecting water in sterile containers did not introduce microbial contamination.
  • Findingown data

    Pseudomonas spp. isolated from coconut water showed resistance to amoxicillin and chloramphenicol.

    “Antibiotic susceptibility testing using the Kirby-Bauer method revealed varying resistance patterns, with Pseudomonas spp.showing resistance to amoxicillin and chloramphenicol.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The traditional method of breaking coconuts and collecting water in sterile containers did not introduce microbial contamination.
  • Findingown data

    Fungal isolates identified from coconut water included Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, and Candida tropicalis.

    “Fungal isolates such as Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, and Candida tropicalis were also identified.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The traditional method of breaking coconuts and collecting water in sterile containers did not introduce microbial contamination.
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 11
  • May combine two claims. 6
  • The quote only partly states this claim. 1

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Aspergillus flavus is known for producing aflatoxins, which pose a health hazard in contaminated food products.

    “The presence of Aspergillus flavus is particularly noteworthy, as it is known for producing aflatoxins, which pose a health hazard in contaminated food products (Shabeer et al., 2022).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Shabeer et al., 2022 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Environmental bacteria are increasingly resistant to several antibiotics, especially in tropical regions where microbial contamination of water sources such as coconut water is a significant concern.

    “This resistance pattern is consistent with previous studies that highlight the increasing resistance of environmental bacteria to several antibiotics, especially in tropical regions where microbial contamination of water sources, such as coconut water, is a significant concern (Larson, et al., 2019).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Larson, et al., 2019 source

      The Results report resistance to several antibiotics in E. coli isolated from household drinking water in Cajamarca, Peru, and the Discussion identifies fecal contamination of that water as a concern (page numbers unavailable). The study does not establish that resistance in environmental bacteria is increasing generally, and it does not examine coconut water. (LLM, conf=0.88)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationcitation

    The presence of Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus niger in the fungal isolates aligns with earlier findings on the fungal flora of coconut water.

    “Additionally, the presence of Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus niger in the fungal isolates aligns with earlier findings on the fungal flora of coconut water (Chuku et al., 2007).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Chuku et al., 2007 source

      The Results (p. 3) identify Aspergillus niger among fungi isolated from coconut, and the Conclusion (p. 5) specifies that the isolates came from the endosperm (copra). The paper does not identify Aspergillus flavus or report fungal isolates from coconut water; its mention of water concerns composition analysis, not fungal flora. (LLM, conf=0.88)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • The quote only partly states this claim.

    Findingown data

    The methanolic extract of coconut husk had stronger concentrations of flavonoids and glycosides in fresh husk samples than in dry husk samples.

    “Phytochemical analysis of coconut husk methanolic extract revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, glycosides, and terpenoids, with stronger concentrations of flavonoids and glycosides in fresh husk samples.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Eighteen bacteria were isolated from coconut water and showed different forms, colour, opacity, margins, surfaces, sizes, and shapes.

    “Table 1 shows the Cultural and morphological characterization of the Eighteen (18) bacteria isolated from coconut water.It shows that isolates were of different forms, colour, opacity, margins, surfaces, sizes, and shapes.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The traditional method of breaking coconuts and collecting water in sterile containers did not introduce microbial contamination.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The bacterial isolates included cocci, bacilli, and rods.

    “From Table 1, a range of bacterial forms and elevations were observed, including cocci, bacilli, and rods.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Bacteria isolated from coconut water showed diverse forms such as cocci, rods, and bacilli, with a range of reactions to Gram staining.

    “Bacteria were identified using macroscopic and microscopic features, revealing diverse forms such as cocci, rods, and bacilli, with a range of reactions to Gram staining.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The traditional method of breaking coconuts and collecting water in sterile containers did not introduce microbial contamination.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Similar trends of resistance, particularly in Pseudomonas and Bacillus spp., have been documented globally.

    “Similar trends of resistance, particularly in Pseudomonas and Bacillus spp., have been documented globally, underscoring the need for proper handling and preservation of coconut water to prevent contamination and health risks (Adejobi et al., 2021).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Adejobi et al., 2021

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The isolation of Pseudomonas spp. and Bacillus spp. from coconut water was reported by other researchers, who noted the growth of these bacteria in high-sugar, low-pH environments like coconut water.

    “For example, the isolation of Pseudomonas spp.and Bacillus spp.from coconut water was also reported by other researchers, who noted the growth of these bacteria in high-sugar, low-pH environments like coconut water (Ahmad, et al., 2018).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Ahmad, et al., 2018

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Similar findings have been reported in other studies involving the microbial flora of coconut water, where a high proportion of Gram-positive cocci and Gram-negative rods were isolated.

    “Similar findings have been reported in other studies involving the microbial flora of coconut water, where a high proportion of Gram-positive cocci and Gram-negative rods were isolated (Celik and O'Sullivan, 2013).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Celik and O'Sullivan, 2013 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationown data

    The antibiotic resistance patterns observed in this study reflect the growing concern over antimicrobial resistance in environmental bacteria.

    “The antibiotic resistance patterns observed in this study also reflect the growing concern over antimicrobial resistance in environmental bacteria.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Coconut water has been found to contain phytochemicals such as phenolic compounds, tannins and flavonoids which are known for their antioxidant and antimicrobial properties.

    “Additionally, coconut water has been found to contain phytochemicals such as phenolic compounds, tannins and flavonoids which are known for their antioxidant and antimicrobial properties (kumar et al., 2013).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites kumar et al., 2013

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, and glycosides have been reported for their antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory properties.

    “These compounds have been reported for their antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anti-inflammatory properties (Gupta, et al., 2015).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Gupta, et al., 2015

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Studies have shown that coconut water has antibacterial activity against a range of bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

    “Studies have shown that coconut water has antibacterial activity against a range of bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Chang, 2012).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Chang, 2012

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationreasoning

    These compounds, known for their antimicrobial and antioxidant properties, may contribute to the natural antimicrobial defenses of coconut water.

    “These compounds, known for their antimicrobial and antioxidant properties, may contribute to the natural antimicrobial defenses of coconut water.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Fungi isolated from coconut water are well-documented in the literature for their presence in tropical fruit products, including coconut water.

    “These fungi are well-documented in the literature for their presence in tropical fruit products, including coconut water (Zhang and Wang, 2015).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Zhang and Wang, 2015

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

16 of 16

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The coconut water samples collected from Oje, Bodija, and Ayeye markets are representative of coconut water generally.

    “Coconut fruits were collected from Oje, Bodija, and Ayeye markets in Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria, and transported aseptically to the laboratory.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The traditional method of breaking coconuts and collecting water in sterile containers did not introduce microbial contamination.

    “The coconut was broken using a traditional method of smashing the coconut and collecting the water in a sterile container.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The presence of Pseudomonas spp. in coconut water at the observed levels poses a health risk to consumers.

    “The predominant presence of Pseudomonas spp., which are known to be opportunistic pathogens, may also indicate the potential health risks associated with contaminated coconut water (Diggle, and Whiteley 2020).”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Bioactive compounds in coconut husks can leach into coconut water or otherwise contribute to its antimicrobial properties.

    “The presence of these bioactive compounds in coconut husks may contribute to the natural antimicrobial properties observed in coconut water, potentially acting as a defense mechanism against microbial contamination (Jose et al., 2014).”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The presence of Aspergillus flavus in coconut water at the observed levels poses a health risk to consumers.

    “The presence of fungi like Aspergillus flavus further emphasizes the potential health risks associated with consuming contaminated coconut water.”
5 of 5

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • Terpenoids reported as present but recorded as absent

    Minor

    The abstract says the methanolic husk extract contained terpenoids, but Table 5 records terpenoids as absent in both fresh and dry samples.

  • Fresh husk reported to have more glycosides despite equal table results

    Minor

    The discussion reports a stronger presence of glycosides in fresh husk, whereas Table 5 gives fresh and dry samples the same glycoside result (++).

2 of 2

Cites

The publisher hasn’t deposited this paper’s reference list.

Research works printed but not linked: 37

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Related

Venue
International Journal of Progressive Research in Engineering Management and Science
Publisher
International Journal of Progressive Research in Engineering Management and Science
Published
2025-08-05
ISSN
2583-1062 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.58257/ijprems43207
OpenAlex
W4412993809
Semantic Scholar
6724bcc55003f7e7870897f5bad8756cb9eedd01
Cited by
0
References
0
FWCI
0.00
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
International Journal of Progressive Research in Engineering Management and Science (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Inorganic Chemistry › Coconut Research and Applications
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Essential Oils and Antimicrobial Activity
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Clinical Biochemistry › Bacterial Identification and Susceptibility Testing
Keywords
coconut water, coconut husk, Cocos nucifera, bacterial isolation, antibiotic susceptibility, Burkholderia pseudomallei, Aeromonas eucrenophila, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Candida tropicalis, fungal contamination, phytochemical screening, methanol extract, flavonoids, alkaloids, natural antimicrobials

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