Insect-specific flaviviruses: a systematic review of their discovery, host range, mode of transmission, superinfection exclusion potential and genomic organization
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There has been a dramatic increase in the number of insect-specific flaviviruses (ISFs) discovered in the last decade. Historically, these viruses have generated limited interest due to their inability to infect vertebrate cells. This viewpoint has changed in recent years because some ISFs have been shown to enhance or suppress the replication of medically important flaviviruses in co-infected mosquito cells. Additionally, comparative studies between ISFs and medically important flaviviruses can provide a unique perspective as to why some flaviviruses possess the ability to infect and cause devastating disease in humans while others do not. ISFs have been isolated exclusively from mosquitoes in nature but the detection of ISF-like sequences in sandflies and chironomids indicates that they may also infect other dipterans. ISFs can be divided into two distinct phylogenetic groups. The first group currently consists of approximately 12 viruses and includes cell fusing agent virus, Kamiti River virus and Culex flavivirus. These viruses are phylogenetically distinct from all other known flaviviruses. The second group, which is apparently not monophyletic, currently consists of nine viruses and includes Chaoyang virus, Nounané virus and Lammi virus. These viruses phylogenetically affiliate with mosquito/vertebrate flaviviruses despite their apparent insect-restricted phenotype. This article provides a review of the discovery, host range, mode of transmission, superinfection exclusion ability and genomic organization of ISFs. This article also attempts to clarify the ISF nomenclature because some of these viruses have been assigned more than one name due to their simultaneous discoveries by independent research groups.
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Insect-specific-like flaviviruses likely evolved from mosquito-borne viruses.
“insect-specific-like flaviviruses, which likely evolved from mosquito-borne viruses (Blitvich and Firth, 2015;Moureau et al., 2015).”
From Codon Pair Bias Is a Direct Consequence of Dinucleotide Bias (2016) · cites this paper as Blitvich and Firth, 2015
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- Authors
- Blitvich, B., & Firth, A.
- Affiliations
- Iowa State University (US)
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Blitvich, Bradley
- Venue
- Viruses
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2015-04-10
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 1927-1959
- ISSN
- 1999-4915 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4411683
- OpenAlex
- W2028638155
- Cited by
- 323
- References
- 116
- Citations by year
- 2026: 20 · 2025: 25 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 35 · 2021: 35 · 2020: 30 · 2019: 28 · 2018: 36 · 2017: 35 · 2016: 30 · 2015: 5
- FWCI
- 5.12
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Viruses (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust (088789)
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (R03AI167042)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Mosquito-borne diseases and control
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Viral Infections and Vectors
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics › Diptera species taxonomy and behavior
- Keywords
- insect-specific flaviviruses, flavivirus phylogeny, cell fusing agent virus, Culex flavivirus, superinfection exclusion, transmission mode, host range, sand flies, Chironomidae
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Flavivirus, Insecta, Terminology as Topic, Genetic Variation, Viral Interference, Genome, Viral, Gene Order, Host Specificity
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