The DOI matches its Crossref record; 270 of the 272 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Vaccination into the Dermal Compartment: Techniques, Challenges, and Prospects
Open accessAbstract
In 2019, an ‘influenza pandemic’ and ‘vaccine hesitancy’ were listed as two of the top 10 challenges to global health by the WHO. The skin is a unique vaccination site, due to its immune-rich milieu, which is evolutionarily primed to respond to challenge, and its ability to induce both humoral and cellular immunity. Vaccination into this dermal compartment offers a way of addressing both of the challenges presented by the WHO, as well as opening up avenues for novel vaccine formulation and dose-sparing strategies to enter the clinic. This review will provide an overview of the diverse range of vaccination techniques available to target the dermal compartment, as well as their current state, challenges, and prospects, and touch upon the formulations that have been developed to maximally benefit from these new techniques. These include needle and syringe techniques, microneedles, DNA tattooing, jet and ballistic delivery, and skin permeabilization techniques, including thermal ablation, chemical enhancers, ablation, electroporation, iontophoresis, and sonophoresis.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Figures
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“The dermis has a rich network of dendritic cells, macrophages and T cells40.”
From An Omicron-specific, self-amplifying mRNA booster vaccine for COVID-19: a phase 2/3 randomized trial (2024) · cites this paper as [40]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Items 201–270 of 270
McBurney, S. P., Sunshine, J. E., Gabriel, S., Huynh, J., Sutton, W. F., FULLER, D. H., Haigwood, N. L., & Messer, W. B. (2016) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.03.108 · Cited by 31
Haidari, G., Cope, A. V., Miller, A., Venables, S., Yan, C., Ridgers, H., Reijonen, K., Hannaman, D., Spentzou, A., Hayes, P., et al. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-13331-1 · Cited by 31
Nguyen-Hoai, T., Höhn, O., Vu, D. M., Baldenhofer, G., Ahmed, M. S. S., Dörken, B., Norley, S., Lipp, M., Pezzutto, A., & Westermann, J. (2012) · Cancer Gene Therapy · doi:10.1038/cgt.2012.78 · Cited by 30
Erasmus, J. H., Khandhar, A. P., Walls, A. C., Hemann, E. A., O’Connor, M. A., Murapa, P., Archer, J. F., Leventhal, S. S., Fuller, J., Lewis, T. B., et al. (2020) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2020.05.28.121640 · Cited by 30
Synergistic Transdermal Delivery of Biomacromolecules Using Sonophoresis after Microneedle Treatment
Ryu, Y. C., Kim, D. I., Kim, S. H., Wang, H., & Hwang, B. H. (2018) · Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering · doi:10.1007/s12257-018-0070-6 · Cited by 29
Williams, M., Ewing, D. F., Blevins, M. W., Sun, P., Sundaram, A. K., Raviprakash, K. S., Porter, K. R., & Sanders, J. W. (2019) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.06.083 · Cited by 29
Bacterial spores as particulate carriers for gene gun delivery of plasmid DNA
Aps, L. R. M. M., Tavares, M. B., Rozenfeld, J. H. K., Lamy, M. T., Ferreira, L. C. D. S., & Diniz, M. O. (2016) · Journal of Biotechnology · doi:10.1016/j.jbiotec.2016.04.027 · Cited by 28
Ake, J. A., Schuetz, A., Pegu, P., Wieczorek, L., Eller, M. A., Kibuuka, H. N., Sawe, F., Maboko, L., Polonis, V. R., Karasavva, N., et al. (2017) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/infdis/jix456 · Cited by 28
Viegas, E., Kroidl, A., Munseri, P., Missanga, M., Nilsson, C., Tembe, N., Bauer, A. P., Joachim, A., Joseph, S., Mann, P., et al. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0206838 · Cited by 28
Koday, M. T., Leonard, J. A., Munson, P. V., Forero, A., Koday, M., Bratt, D., Fuller, J. T., Murnane, R. D., Qin, S., Reinhart, T. A., et al. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0189780 · Cited by 28
Skin thickness in young infants and adolescents: Applications for intradermal vaccination
Saitoh, A., Aizawa, Y., Sato, I., Hirano, H., Sakai, T., & Mori, M. (2015) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.04.081 · Cited by 27
Enhancing DNA delivery into the skin with a motorized microneedle device
Yan, G., Arelly, N., Farhan, N., Lobo, S., & Li, H. (2013) · European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.ejps.2013.11.015 · Cited by 27
Kimizuka, Y., Katagiri, W., Locascio, J. J., Shigeta, A., Sasaki, Y., Shibata, M., Morse, K., Sîrbulescu, R. F., Miyatake, M., Reeves, P. M., et al. (2018) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1701687 · Cited by 27
Laser adjuvant for vaccination
Kashiwagi, S. (2020) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.201902164r · Cited by 27
Erdös, G., Balmert, S. C., Carey, C. D., Falo, G. D., Patel, N., Zhang, J., Gambotto, A. A., Korkmaz, E., & Falo, L. D. (2020) · Journal of Investigative Dermatology · doi:10.1016/j.jid.2020.03.966 · Cited by 27
Quaak, S. G. L., van den Berg, J. H., Oosterhuis, K., Beijnen, J. H., Haanen, J. B. A. G., & Nuijen, B. (2009) · Journal of Controlled Release · doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2009.06.033 · Cited by 25
Choi, Y. H., Perez-Cuevas, M. B., Kodani, M., Zhang, X., Prausnitz, M. R., Kamili, S., & O’Connor, S. (2019) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/infdis/jiz399 · Cited by 25
Ruan, S., Wang, Z., Xiang, S., Chen, H., Shen, Q., Liu, L., Wu, W., Cao, S., Zong-Wei, W. A. N. G., Yang, Z., et al. (2019) · Fitoterapia · doi:10.1016/j.fitote.2019.104195 · Cited by 25
Norman, J. J., Gupta, J., Patel, S. R., Park, S., Jarrahian, C., Zehrung, D., & Prausnitz, M. R. (2013) · Drug Delivery and Translational Research · doi:10.1007/s13346-013-0184-5 · Cited by 24
Boonnak, K., Dhitavat, J., Thantamnu, N., Kosoltanapiwat, N., Auayporn, M., Jiang, L., Puthavathana, P., & Pitisuttithum, P. (2017) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.10.106 · Cited by 23
The effects of some permeability enhancers on the percutaneous absorption of lidocaine.
Mohammadi‐Samani, S., Jamshidzadeh, A., Montaseri, H., Rangbar-Zahedani, M., & Kianrad, R. (2010) · PubMed · Cited by 22
Rapid outer-surface protein C DNA tattoo vaccination protects against Borrelia afzelii infection
Wagemakers, A., Mason, L. M. K., Oei, A., de Wever, B., van der Poll, T., Bins, A. D., & Hovius, J. W. (2014) · Gene Therapy · doi:10.1038/gt.2014.87 · Cited by 22
Davtyan, H., Ghochikyan, A., Movsesyan, N., Ellefsen, B., Petrushina, I., Cribbs, D. H., Hannaman, D., Evans, C. F., & Agadjanyan, M. G. (2012) · Neurodegenerative Diseases · doi:10.1159/000333359 · Cited by 22
Effectiveness of a jet injection system in administering morphine and heparin to healthy adults
Baer, C. L., Bennett, W. M., Folwick, D. A., & Erickson, R. S. (1996) · American Journal of Critical Care · doi:10.4037/ajcc1996.5.1.42 · Cited by 22
Tuft, L., Yagle, E. M., & Rogers, S. (1932) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/infdis/50.2.98 · Cited by 22
Bedeutung des follikulären Penetrationswegs für den Wirkstofftransport mittels Nanocarriern
Lademann, J. M., Richter, H., Schanzer, S., Meinke, M. C., Darvin, M. E., Schleusener, J., Carrer, V., Breuckmann, P., & Patzelt, A. (2019) · Der Hautarzt · doi:10.1007/s00105-018-4343-y · Cited by 21
Targeting dendritic cells with antigen via dendritic cell-associated promoters
Moulin, V., Morgan, M. E., Eleveld-Trancikova, D., Haanen, J. B. A. G., Wielders, E., Looman, M. W. G., Janssen, R. A. J., Figdor, C. G., Jansen, B., & Adema, G. J. (2012) · Cancer Gene Therapy · doi:10.1038/cgt.2012.2 · Cited by 20
Delivery of immunoreactive antigen using a controllable needle-free jet injector
Hogan, N. C., Anahtar, M. N., Taberner, A. J., & Hunter, I. W. (2017) · Journal of Controlled Release · doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.05.003 · Cited by 20
Bavdekar, A., Oswal, J., Ramanan, P. V., Aundhkar, C., Venugopal, P., Kapse, D., Miller, T., McGray, S., Zehrung, D., Kulkarni, P. S., et al. (2018) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.01.006 · Cited by 20
Dissolving Microneedles for Intradermal Vaccination against Shigellosis
Pastor, Y., Larrañeta, E., Erhard, Á., Quincoces, G., Peñuelas, I., Irache, J. M., Donnelly, R. F., & Gamazo, C. (2019) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines7040159 · Cited by 20
Classification of Laser Vaccine Adjuvants
Kashiwagi, S., & Brauns, T. A. (2016) · Journal of Vaccines & Vaccination · doi:10.4172/2157-7560.1000307 · Cited by 19
Schulze, K., Ebensen, T., Riese, P., Prochnow, B., Lehr, C., & Guzmán, C. A. (2016) · Current topics in microbiology and immunology · doi:10.1007/82_2016_495 · Cited by 19
Samuels, S., Heeren, A. M., Zijlmans, H. J. M. A. A., Welters, M. J. P., van den Berg, J. H., Philips, D., Kvistborg, P., Ehsan, I., Scholl, S., Nuijen, B., et al. (2017) · Cancer Immunology Immunotherapy · doi:10.1007/s00262-017-2006-y · Cited by 19
Lai, J. C. Y., Cheng, W. K., Hopkins, P. D., Komba, M., Carlow, D. A., & Dutz, J. P. (2019) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1900199 · Cited by 19
Arakane, R., Annaka, R., Takahama, A., Ishida, K., Yoshiike, M., Nakayama, T., & Takeshita, F. (2015) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.10.088 · Cited by 18
Tattoo Delivery of a Semliki Forest Virus-Based Vaccine Encoding Human Papillomavirus E6 and E7
van de Wall, S., Walczak, M., van Rooij, N., Hoogeboom, B. N., Meijerhof, T., Nijman, H. W., & Daemen, T. (2015) · Vaccines · doi:10.3390/vaccines3020221 · Cited by 18
ENHANCED PERCUTANEOUS PERMEABILITY OF ACYCLOVIR BY DMSO FROM TOPICAL GEL FORMULATION
Dey, S., Mazumder, B., & Patel, J. R. (2009) · International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research · doi:10.25004/ijpsdr.2009.010104 · Cited by 18
Viegas, E., Tembe, N., Nilsson, C., Meggi, B., Maueia, C., Augusto, O. J., Stout, R. R., Scarlatti, G., Ferrari, G., Earl, P. L., et al. (2017) · AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses · doi:10.1089/aid.2017.0121 · Cited by 18
Leone, M., Romeijn, S. G., Du, G., Dévédec, S. E. L., Vrieling, H., O’Mahony, C., Bouwstra, J. A., & Kersten, G. F. A. (2020) · International Journal of Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119182 · Cited by 17
Loder, E., Rayhill, M. L., & Burch, R. C. (2018) · Headache The Journal of Head and Face Pain · doi:10.1111/head.13424 · Cited by 16
Arakane, R., Nakatani, H., Fujisaki, E., Takahama, A., Ishida, K., Yoshiike, M., Nakayama, T., & Takeshita, F. (2015) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.09.010 · Cited by 15
Topical immunization using a nanoemulsion containing bacterial membrane antigens
Tamayo, I., Gamazo, C., Rebouças, J. D. S., & Irache, J. M. (2017) · Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology · doi:10.1016/j.jddst.2017.02.009 · Cited by 15
Myers, R. S., Grundy, M., Rowe, C., Coviello, C. M., Baù, L., Erbs, P., Foloppe, J., Balloul, J., Story, C., Coussios, C. C., et al. (2018) · International Journal of Nanomedicine · doi:10.2147/ijn.s141557 · Cited by 15
Self-citationBavdekar, A., Malshe, N. S., Ravichandran, L., Sapru, A., Kawade, A. S., Lalwani, S. K., Palkar, S. H., Hanumante, N., Gunale, B., Kapse, D., et al. (2019) · Contemporary Clinical Trials Communications · doi:10.1016/j.conctc.2019.100321 · Cited by 15
Rapid DNA vaccination againstBurkholderia pseudomalleiflagellin by tattoo or intranasal application
Lankelma, J. M., Wagemakers, A., Birnie, E., Haak, B. W., Trentelman, J. J. A., Weehuizen, T. A. F., Ersöz, J. I., Roelofs, J. J. T. H., Hovius, J. W., Wiersinga, W. J., et al. (2017) · Virulence · doi:10.1080/21505594.2017.1307485 · Cited by 14
Šmahel, M., Poláková, I., Sobotková, E., & Vajdová, E. (2011) · Clinical and Developmental Immunology · doi:10.1155/2011/176759 · Cited by 13
Cheeseman, H. M., Day, S., McFarlane, L. R., Fleck, S. L., Miller, A., Cole, T., Sousa-Santos, N., Cope, A. V., Cizmeci, D., Tolazzi, M., et al. (2018) · Human Gene Therapy · doi:10.1089/hum.2018.075 · Cited by 13
Platteel, A. C. M., de Groot, A. M., Keller, C., Andersen, P. L., Ovaa, H., Kloetzel, P. M., Mishto, M., & Sijts, A. J. A. M. (2016) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.08.039 · Cited by 12
Safety and efficacy of tuberculin skin testing with microneedle MicronJet600™ in healthy adults
Lee, H., Choi, H.-J., Kim, D.-R., Lee, H., Jin, J.-E., Kim, Y.-R., Lee, M. S., Cho, S.-N., & Kang, Y. A. (2016) · The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease · doi:10.5588/ijtld.15.0678 · Cited by 11
Babiarova, K., Kutinová, L., Žůrková, K., Kryštofová, J., Brabcová, E., Hainz, P., Musil, J., & Němečková, Š. (2012) · Journal of Immunotherapy · doi:10.1097/cji.0b013e3182618381 · Cited by 11
V. A new route, jet injection of lidocaine for skin wheal for painless intravenous catheterization.
Zsigmond, E. K., Darby, P., Koenig, H. M., & Goll, E. F. (1999) · PubMed · Cited by 10
INTRADERMAL VACCINATION AGAINST SMALLPOX
Wright, L. T. (1918) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.1918.26020340006011a · Cited by 10
Mulder, T. J. S. V., Withanage, K., Beyers, K., Vankerckhoven, V., Theeten, H., & Damme, P. V. (2018) · Vaccine · doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.12.016 · Cited by 10
A Novel Transdermal Plasmid-Dimethylsulfoxide Delivery Technique for Treatment of Psoriasis
Zhang, Y., Li, J., Liu, C.-Y., Zhou, X., Qiu, J., Zhang, Y.-B., Huang, N., Li, Y., Chen, X., Li, X., et al. (2010) · Dermatology · doi:10.1159/000314154 · Cited by 9
Efficacy Testing of H56 cDNA Tattoo Immunization against Tuberculosis in a Mouse Model
Platteel, A. C. M., Nieuwenhuizen, N. E., Domaszewska, T., Schuerer, S., Zedler, U., Brinkmann, V., Sijts, A. J. A. M., & Kaufmann, S. H. E. (2017) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2017.01744 · Cited by 9
Routhu, N. K., Gangadhara, S., Cheedarla, N., Shiferaw, A., Rahman, S. A., Sahoo, A., Shi, P., Menachery, V. D., Floyd, K. A., Fischinger, S., et al. (2020) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2020.06.27.175166 · Cited by 9
NEEDLE STICK INJURIES — RISK FROM BLOOD CONTACT IN DIALYSIS
Wittmann, A., Hofmann, F., & Kralj, N. (2007) · Journal of Renal Care · doi:10.1111/j.1755-6686.2007.tb00043.x · Cited by 8
Controllable and re‐usable patch for transdermal iontophoresis drug delivery
Talbi, Y., Campo, É., Brulin, D., & Fourniols, J.-Y. (2018) · Electronics Letters · doi:10.1049/el.2018.0731 · Cited by 8
Controlled Permeation of Lidocaine Hydrochloride Using a Smart Drug Delivery System
Talbi, Y., Brulin, D., Campo, É., & Fourniols, J.-Y. (2017) · Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.2316/p.2017.852-024 · Cited by 7
The Application of Clinical Lithotripter Shock Waves to RNA Nucleotide Delivery to Cells
Nwokeoha, S., Carlisle, R. C., & Cleveland, R. O. (2016) · Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2016.06.001 · Cited by 6
Self-citationElectroporation Based TriGrid™ Delivery System (TDS) for DNA Vaccine Administration
Hannaman, D. (2011) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-7091-0439-2_8 · Cited by 4
Xu, T., Xu, Y., Wei, M., Deng, L.-H., & Wu, C. (2011) · PubMed · Cited by 4
Fundamental study on gene transfer utilizing magnetic force and jet injector
Hasegawa, T., Nakagam, H., Akiyama, Y., & Nishijima, S. (2017) · Progress in Superconductivity and Cryogenics · doi:10.9714/psac.2017.19.1.009 · Cited by 3
Needle Stick Injuries among Healthcare Waste Handlers in a Tertiary Care Hospital of Delhi
Singh, A. (2017) · Epidemiology International · doi:10.24321/2455.7048.201706 · Cited by 3
Instigating and monitoring transdermal drug delivery using ultrasound-mediated cavitation
van Blokland, A. C. (2018) · Oxford University Research Archive (ORA) (University of Oxford) · doi:10.5287/ora-jnmg85n9d · Cited by 2
Formulation and delivery of dermal DNA vaccines
van den Berg, J. H. (2009) · Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University) · Cited by 1
Skin tattooing as an effective tool for delivering DNA and protein vaccine immunogens
Chiu, Y.-N., Jiang, X., Kumar, R., Hioe, C., Zolla‐Pazner, S., & Kong, X. (2012) · Retrovirology · doi:10.1186/1742-4690-9-s2-p338 · Cited by 1
Thermoreversible hydrogel-coated microneedles for dermal drug delivery
Hill-Tout, J., Covill, D., Lau, W. M., & Ng, K. W. (2019) · Newcastle University ePrints (Newcastle Univesity) · doi:10.25405/ncl.34395093 · Cited by 1
Kadavakollu, M., Karri, V. V. S. R., Kuppusamy, G., Radhakrishnan, A., Palanisamy, D., Balasubramanian, S., & Bhojraj, S. (2020) · International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences · doi:10.26452/ijrps.v11ispl1.2144 · Cited by 1
Toomey, J. A. (1928) · Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine · doi:10.1001/archpedi.1928.01920200018002 · Cited by 1
Research works printed but not linked: 6
- World Health Organization, and Program for Appropriate Technology in Health (PATH) (2009). Intradermal Delivery of Vaccines—A Review of the Literature and the Potential for Development for Use in Low and Middle Income Countries, Program for Appropriate Technology in Health (PATH).
- Tuft, 1931, Active immunization against typhoid fever, with particular reference to an intradermal method, J. Lab. Clin. Med., 16, 552
- Garg, 2012, An evolutionary approachs in development of needle free injection technologies, Int. J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci., 4, 590
- Palermo, 2018, Evaluation of a needle-free vaccine delivery device for vaccinating rats with rift valley fever vaccine candidates, Int. J. Vet. Sci., 7, 140
- Lademann, 2019, Importance of the follicular penetration path for drug delivery by means of nanocarriers, Dermatologist, 70, 185
- Smith, T.R.F., Ramos, S., Yang, M., Gary, E.N., Schultheis, K., Walker, S.N., Doan, A., and Vasquez, M. (2020). Rapid development of a synthetic DNA vaccine for COVID-19. Nat. Res. · DOI
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Jet injectors: Perspectives for small volume delivery with lasers
Schoppink, J. J., & Rivas, D. F. (2022) · Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.addr.2021.114109 · Cited by 105
Iontophoresis-driven microneedle patch for the active transdermal delivery of vaccine macromolecules
Zheng, Y., Ye, R., Gong, X., Yang, J., Liu, B., Xu, Y., Nie, G., Xie, X., & Jiang, L. (2023) · Microsystems & Nanoengineering · doi:10.1038/s41378-023-00515-1 · Cited by 81
Byrne, J. D., Huang, H., McRae, J. C., Babaee, S., Soltani, A., Becker, S., & Traverso, G. (2021) · Advanced Drug Delivery Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.addr.2021.113926 · Cited by 79
The right Timing, right combination, right sequence, and right delivery for Cancer immunotherapy
Kwon, M., Jung, H., Nam, G., & Kim, I.-S. (2021) · Journal of Controlled Release · doi:10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.01.009 · Cited by 77
Straight to the point: targeted mRNA-delivery to immune cells for improved vaccine design
Clemente, B., Denis, M., Silveira, C. P., Schiavetti, F., Brazzoli, M., & Stranges, D. (2023) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2023.1294929 · Cited by 71
Metadata
- Authors
- Hettinga, J., & Carlisle, R.
- Affiliations
- University of Oxford (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Carlisle, Robert
- Venue
- Vaccines
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2020-09-16
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 534
- ISSN
- 2076-393X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7564253
- OpenAlex
- W3085198834
- Cited by
- 72
- References
- 272
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 1
- FWCI
- 0.91
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Vaccines (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EP/L016494/1)
- EPSRC Centre for Doctoral Training in Medical Imaging (EP/L024012/1)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Pharmaceutical Science › Advancements in Transdermal Drug Delivery
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Emergency Medicine › Intramuscular injections and effects
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Virology › Poxvirus research and outbreaks
- Keywords
- microneedles, electroporation, iontophoresis, sonophoresis, thermal ablation, vaccine formulation, humoral and cellular immunity, pandemic influenza, vaccine hesitancy
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
