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Cited by 72Advancements in Transdermal Drug DeliveryIntramuscular injections and effectsPoxvirus research and outbreaks

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 270 of the 272 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Vaccination into the Dermal Compartment: Techniques, Challenges, and Prospects

Open access
Hettinga, Johanna, Carlisle, Robert·2020·Vaccines
DOI 10.3390/vaccines8030534PMC PMC7564253
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Abstract

In 2019, an ‘influenza pandemic’ and ‘vaccine hesitancy’ were listed as two of the top 10 challenges to global health by the WHO. The skin is a unique vaccination site, due to its immune-rich milieu, which is evolutionarily primed to respond to challenge, and its ability to induce both humoral and cellular immunity. Vaccination into this dermal compartment offers a way of addressing both of the challenges presented by the WHO, as well as opening up avenues for novel vaccine formulation and dose-sparing strategies to enter the clinic. This review will provide an overview of the diverse range of vaccination techniques available to target the dermal compartment, as well as their current state, challenges, and prospects, and touch upon the formulations that have been developed to maximally benefit from these new techniques. These include needle and syringe techniques, microneedles, DNA tattooing, jet and ballistic delivery, and skin permeabilization techniques, including thermal ablation, chemical enhancers, ablation, electroporation, iontophoresis, and sonophoresis.

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Registry

Crossref · 10.3390/vaccines8030534

Cites

270 of 270 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

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Figures

Figure 1 Schematic representation of the skin, the distribution of a variety of immune cells, and potential routes to bypass the stratum corneum.
Figure 1 Schematic representation of the skin, the distribution of a variety of immune cells, and potential routes to bypass the stratum corneum.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 2 Bifurcated needle.
Figure 2 Bifurcated needle.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 3 An overview of techniques used for vaccination into the dermal compartment.
Figure 3 An overview of techniques used for vaccination into the dermal compartment.CC BY · PubMed Central

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Citations

Cites

Research works printed but not linked: 6

  1. World Health Organization, and Program for Appropriate Technology in Health (PATH) (2009). Intradermal Delivery of Vaccines—A Review of the Literature and the Potential for Development for Use in Low and Middle Income Countries, Program for Appropriate Technology in Health (PATH).
  2. Tuft, 1931, Active immunization against typhoid fever, with particular reference to an intradermal method, J. Lab. Clin. Med., 16, 552
  3. Garg, 2012, An evolutionary approachs in development of needle free injection technologies, Int. J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci., 4, 590
  4. Palermo, 2018, Evaluation of a needle-free vaccine delivery device for vaccinating rats with rift valley fever vaccine candidates, Int. J. Vet. Sci., 7, 140
  5. Lademann, 2019, Importance of the follicular penetration path for drug delivery by means of nanocarriers, Dermatologist, 70, 185
  6. Smith, T.R.F., Ramos, S., Yang, M., Gary, E.N., Schultheis, K., Walker, S.N., Doan, A., and Vasquez, M. (2020). Rapid development of a synthetic DNA vaccine for COVID-19. Nat. Res. · DOI

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Metadata

Authors
Hettinga, J., & Carlisle, R.
Affiliations
University of Oxford (GB)
Corresponding author
Carlisle, Robert
ORCID
Venue
Vaccines
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2020-09-16
Volume
8
Issue
3
Pages
534
ISSN
2076-393X (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3390/vaccines8030534
PMC
PMC7564253
OpenAlex
W3085198834
Cited by
72
References
272
Citations by year
2026: 10 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 1
FWCI
0.91
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Vaccines (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders
  • Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EP/L016494/1)
  • EPSRC Centre for Doctoral Training in Medical Imaging (EP/L024012/1)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Pharmaceutical Science › Advancements in Transdermal Drug Delivery
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Emergency Medicine › Intramuscular injections and effects
  • Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Virology › Poxvirus research and outbreaks
Keywords
microneedles, electroporation, iontophoresis, sonophoresis, thermal ablation, vaccine formulation, humoral and cellular immunity, pandemic influenza, vaccine hesitancy

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