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Advancing Water Footprint Assessment Research: Challenges in Monitoring Progress towards Sustainable Development Goal 6
Open accessAbstract
This special issue is a collection of recent papers in the field of Water Footprint Assessment (WFA), an emerging area of research focused on the analysis of freshwater use, scarcity, and pollution in relation to consumption, production, and trade. As increasing freshwater scarcity forms a major risk to the global economy, sustainable management of water resources is a prerequisite to development. We introduce the papers in this special issue by relating them to Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) number 6 of the United Nations, the goal on water. We will particularly articulate how each paper drives the understanding needed to achieve target 6.3 on water quality and pollution and target 6.4 on water-use efficiency and water scarcity. Regarding SDG 6, we conclude that it lacks any target on using green water more efficiently, and while addressing efficiency and sustainability of water use, it lacks a target on equitable sharing of water. The latter issue is receiving limited attention in research as well. By primarily focusing on water-use efficiency in farming and industries at the local level, to a lesser extent to using water sustainably at the level of total water systems (like drainage basins, aquifers), and largely ignoring issues around equitable water use, understanding of our water problems and proposed solutions will likely remain unbalanced.
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Water footprint estimation depends heavily on the availability of baseline data, which is often either unavailable or not freely accessible.
“The WF estimation depends heavily on the availability of baseline data, which is often either unavailable or not freely accessible [46,47].”
From The water footprint of lithium extraction technologies: Insights from environmental impact reports in Argentina's salt flats (2025) · cites this paper as [46]
Section 3 says uncertainties in input data affect water-footprint estimates, supporting the general importance of data to estimation. It does not say that baseline data are often unavailable or not freely accessible. (LLM, conf=0.82)
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Self-citationEvaluating the Water Footprint of the Mediterranean and American Diets
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Water Savings of Crop Redistribution in the United States
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Assessing Uncertainties of Water Footprints Using an Ensemble of Crop Growth Models on Winter Wheat
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Water Footprints and ‘Pozas’: Conversations about Practices and Knowledges of Water Efficiency
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Metadata
- Authors
- Hoekstra, A., Chapagain, A., & Van Oel, P.
- Affiliations
- National University of Singapore (SG)
- Water Footprint Network, Bezuidenhoutseweg 2, 2594 AV The Hague, The Netherlands
- Water Resources Management group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Corresponding author
- Hoekstra, Arjen
- Venue
- Water
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2017-06-19
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 438
- ISSN
- 2073-4441 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2625204172
- Cited by
- 121
- References
- 31
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 4
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Water (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Socio-Environmental Systems Modeling (acceptedVersion, cc-by)
- University of Twente Research Information (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Engineering › Environmental Impact and Sustainability
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Water-Energy-Food Nexus Studies
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Water Science and Technology › Water Resources and Sustainability
- Keywords
- water footprint assessment, SDG 6, water use efficiency, water scarcity, equitable water distribution, green water, agricultural water use, industrial water use, freshwater management, SDG targets
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