Electrical safety of commercial Li-ion cells based on NMC and NCA technology compared to LFP technology
Open accessAbstract
Since a laptop caught fire in 2006 at the latest, Li-ion cells were considered as more dangerous than other accumulators [1]. Recent incidents, such as the one involving a BYD e6 electric taxi [2] or the Boeing Dreamliner [3], give rise to questions concerning the safety of L#i-ion cells. This is a crucial point, since Li-ion cells are increasingly integrated in all kinds of (electric) vehicles. Therefore the economic success of hybrid electric vehicles (HEV) and battery electric vehicles (BEV) depends significantly on the safety of Li-ion cells. Lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC) and lithium nickel cobalt aluminium oxide (NCA) are two standard Li-ion cathode chemistries, which are often used for today’s HEVs and BEVs Li-ion batteries. Cells with this two cathode technologies are investigated in detail and compared to cells with the alleged save lithium iron phosphate (LFP) technology. Furthermore only commercially available and mass produced Li-ion cells were tested, in order to get as close to real end-user applications as possible. To ensure comparability, cells with the most common 18650 casing have been used. Furthermore all cells had no built-in resistor with positive temperature coefficient (PTC-device). For each abuse test at least 2 cells have been tested to get to know the statistical dispersion. The spread was in all tests for all measured values of each cell type lower than 11 %. Consequently it can be supposed, that mass produced cells show equal behaviour also in abusive test. The performed electrical safety tests on these cells, involve overcharge, overdischarge and short circuit tests. These tests represent real abuse scenarios and are geared to established standards [15], [16], [17], [18]. To complete these measurements an accelerated rate calorimetry (ARC) test has been carried out, to determine the thermal stability of the cells. As in the literature discussed, the investigated LFP/C cells show a higher thermal stability and are therefore safer, although they do not have any overcharge buffer as the investigated NCA/C and NMC/C cells.
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Due to the high nickel content in NMC and NCA cathodes, they have a high energy density and thus dominate in the EV market.
“Due to the high nickel content in NMC and NCA cathodes, they have a high energy density and thus dominate in the EV market [36].”
From Electric Vehicle Battery Supply Chain and Critical Materials: A Brief Survey of State of the Art (2023) · cites this paper as [36]
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- Authors
- Brand, M., Gläser, S., Geder, J., Menacher, S., Obpacher, S., Jossen, A., & Quinger, D.
- Affiliations
- Technical University of Munich (DE)
- TÜV SÜD (Germany) (DE)
- TUM CREATE (SG)
- Corresponding author
- Brand, Martin
- Venue
- World Electric Vehicle Journal
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2013-09-27
- Volume
- 6
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 572-580
- ISSN
- 2032-6653 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4244211324
- Cited by
- 68
- References
- 10
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 4 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 3
- FWCI
- 3.63
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- dx.doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- World Electric Vehicle Journal (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Automotive Engineering › Advanced Battery Technologies Research
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Electrical and Electronic Engineering › Advancements in Battery Materials
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Mechanical Engineering › Extraction and Separation Processes
- Keywords
- lithium-ion battery safety, NCM cathode, NCA cathode, lithium iron phosphate, 18650 cells, overcharging, overdischarge, short circuit, thermal stability, accelerated rate calorimetry, battery abuse testing, electric vehicles
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