Digital Transformation in the Algerian Administrative Justice System

May combine two claims.

Recent legislative amendments have introduced digitalization into the investigation phase, enhancing efficiency by facilitating the rapid dissemination of investigative measures.

“However, recent legislative amendments have introduced digitalization into the investigation phase, enhancing efficiency by facilitating the rapid dissemination of investigative measures.18”

• cites [18] 2020, “Access to Justice: Legal Concept and Characterization.”, International Journal of Law and Society sourceCould not verify

  Section 4.2 discusses computerized environments for accessing rights, while section 4.1 discusses legal assistance before proceedings. Neither addresses legislative amendments, digitalization of investigations, or rapid dissemination of investigative measures; searches for those terms found no relevant passage in our copy. Page numbers were not available. (LLM, conf=0.75)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

There is a lack of digital awareness among ordinary citizens in Algeria.

“-The lack of digital awareness among ordinary citizens warrants awareness campaigns led by the Ministry of Justice to enhance digital literacy across all segments of society and clarify the use of available digital technologies.”

May combine two claims.

The digital performance of the Algerian administrative judiciary is limited because electronic filing has not been practically or legally implemented: the legislature permitted electronic submission of lawsuits without specifying the procedure or designating an electronic portal for filing cases before administrative judicial bodies.

“-Limited digital performance of the administrative judiciary due to the lack of practical and legal implementation of electronic filing.This technology remains inactive because the legislature merely permitted the electronic submission of lawsuits without specifying the procedure and failed to operationalize it by designating an electronic portal for filing cases before administrative judicial bod”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The Algerian administrative judiciary still requires digital infrastructure development.

“-The administrative judiciary still requires digital infrastructure development.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Competitive recruitment processes have been opened for court clerk positions in Algeria, aiming to strengthen judicial institutions with human resources and advanced technological tools.

“Competitive recruitment processes have been opened for court clerk positions, aiming to strengthen and provide various judicial institutions -especially administrative ones -with both human resources and advanced technological tools.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Algeria's administrative courts did not adopt electronic case management across their various jurisdictions.

“Algeria's administrative courts did not adopt electronic case management across their various jurisdictions.”

May combine two claims.

The current e-registration system requires lawyers to appear in person at their designated court, complete a physical application form requiring the bar association president's signature, submit a passport-sized photo meeting exact specifications, and provide documentation on a CD-ROM.

“This bottleneck primarily stems from cumbersome administrative requirements in the current e-registration system, which mandates that lawyers appear in person at their designated court, complete a physical application form requiring the bar association president's signature, submit a passport-sized photo meeting exact specifications, and provide documentation on a CD-ROM.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Despite Algeria's efforts to combat cybercrime and enhance digital security, particularly through the protection of personal data, challenges in this field persist.

“Despite Algeria's efforts to combat cybercrime and enhance digital securityparticularly through the protection of personal data -challenges in this field persist.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

The investigative role of the administrative judge in Algeria remains limited.

“-The investigative role of the administrative judge in Algeria remains limited.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Remote hearings were not implemented before the Algerian administrative judiciary, even during the COVID-19 pandemic.

“-Remote hearings were not implemented before the administrative judiciary, even during the COVID-19 pandemic.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Recent efforts have equipped certain Algerian administrative judicial bodies, particularly the newly established administrative courts of appeal created under the 2020 constitutional amendment, with cutting-edge technological equipment.

“Recent efforts have equipped certain administrative judicial bodies, particularly the newly established administrative courts of appeal created under the 2020 constitutional amendment, with cutting-edge technological equipment.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

On May 27, 2025, Saudi Arabia established 114 digital judicial circuits in administrative courts as a step toward unified digital administrative courts.

“Saudi Arabia established 114 digital judicial circuits in administrative courts as a step toward unified digital administrative courts.13”

• cites [13] 2023, “Efforts to Digitize the Justice Sector between Modernization Requirements and Real-World Challenges.”, Al-QanunNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

China introduced a remote litigation platform called Mobile Micro Court, which covers all stages of litigation, from filing to enforcement.

“Additionally, China introduced a remote litigation platform called Mobile Micro Court, which covers all stages of litigation, from filing to enforcement.6”

• cites [6] 2017Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The Administrative Court of Bayreuth ruled that lawyers must exercise due diligence and take all necessary steps to overcome digital disruptions, ultimately rejecting the case on formal grounds.

“The Administrative Court of Bayreuth ruled that lawyers must exercise due diligence and take all necessary steps to overcome digital disruptions, ultimately rejecting the case on formal grounds.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The Higher Administrative Court of Baden-Württemberg dismissed an appeal as time-barred because the lawyer submitted documents three minutes late (received at 00:03), per its decision dated December 14, 2023.

“Similarly, the Higher Administrative Court of Baden-Württemberg dismissed an appeal as timebarred because the lawyer submitted documents three minutes late (received at 00:03), per its decision dated December 14, 2023.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

In Germany, mandatory use of email was enforced starting January 1, 2022, but only for lawyers.

“However, mandatory use of email was enforced starting January 1, 2022, but only for lawyers.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The right to access justice, or the right to legal recourse, is one of the most fundamental principles underpinning judicial systems and is recognized as a basic human right.

“The right to access justice, or the right to legal recourse, is one of the most fundamental principles underpinning judicial systems and is recognized as a basic human right.”

• cites Article 8 of the Universal Declaration of Human RightsNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Article 14 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political RightsNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Article 7 of the African Charter on Human and Peoples' RightsNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The administrative judge is not limited to the pleadings submitted by the parties but may order any investigative measure deemed necessary to resolve the dispute.

“The administrative judge is not limited to the pleadings submitted by the parties but may order any investigative measure deemed necessary to resolve the dispute.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The Algerian legislature has placed significant emphasis on the right to legal recourse, ensuring its recognition across different constitutions and constitutional amendments from 1963 to 2020.

“The Algerian legislature has placed significant emphasis on the right to legal recourse, ensuring its recognition across different constitutions and constitutional amendments from 1963 to 2020.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Article 3 of the Civil and Administrative Procedure Code states that any person claiming a right may bring an action before the courts to obtain or protect that right.

“as seen in Article 3 of the Civil and Administrative Procedure Code, which states:”

• cites Article 3 of the Civil and Administrative Procedure CodeNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The mechanisms for activating digital transformation in the Algerian administrative judiciary are a guarantee of the right to litigation and an improvement of services.

“These mechanisms are considered a guarantee of the right to litigation and an improvement of services.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The shift from manual case registration to electronic filing offers advantages including saving time and effort and ensuring the secure storage of case-related data.
• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Digitizing case registration creates a digital archive for administrative judicial bodies, which would be difficult to maintain under the traditional paper-based system.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The second paragraph of Article 165 of the 2020 constitutional amendment states that justice is accessible to all.

“For example, the second paragraph of Article 165 of the 2020 constitutional amendment states that”

• cites Article 165 of the 2020 constitutional amendmentNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

The mechanisms introduced by the legislator for the digital transformation of administrative justice are evident from the initial filing of a lawsuit, through the investigation of the case file, and up to the issuance of a judicial ruling.

“The mechanisms introduced by the legislator for the digital transformation of administrative justice are evident from the initial filing of a lawsuit, through the investigation of the case file, and up to the issuance of a judicial ruling.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Various international instruments have enshrined the right to access justice, including Article 8 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 14 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, and Article 7 of the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights.

“Various international instruments have enshrined this right, including Article 8 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 14 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, and Article 7 of the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights.”

• cites Article 8 of the Universal Declaration of Human RightsNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Article 14 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political RightsNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Article 7 of the African Charter on Human and Peoples' RightsNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The French legislator established two distinct platforms for filing administrative lawsuits, differing in their target users and mandatory usage.

“The French legislator established two distinct platforms for filing administrative lawsuits, differing in their target users and mandatory usage:”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

A legal issue arose before German administrative courts concerning the admissibility of cases in the event of technical failures.

“A legal issue arose before German administrative courts concerning the admissibility of cases in the event of technical failures.”

May combine two claims.

The Algerian legislator still adheres to paper-based filing, treating electronic submission as an optional alternative.

“However, the Algerian legislator still adheres to paper-based filing, treating electronic submission as an optional alternative.”

May combine two claims.

The judiciary has adapted to technological advancements, giving rise to electronic litigation, a new form of legal proceedings conducted via digital platforms, free from time and space constraints.

“The judiciary has adapted to technological advancements, giving rise to electronic litigation -a new form of legal proceedings conducted via digital platforms, free from time and space”

• cites [3] Board of Grievances. “Digital Judge Rules: The Administrative Judicial Council Approves Digital Litigation Rules and Establishes 114 Digital Judicial Circuits in Administrative Courts.” 2025. https://www.bog.gov.sa/MediaCenter/news/Pages/Digital-judge-rules.aspx.Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Télérecours Citoyen is optional for individuals, allowing them to file lawsuits digitally at their discretion.

“-Télérecours Citoyen: Optional for individuals, allowing them to file lawsuits digitally at their discretion.11”

• cites [11] 2024Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In Germany, ordinary litigants may choose between paper and electronic submissions.

“Nevertheless, they may choose between paper and electronic submissions.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

In Algeria's administrative judicial system, the service of investigative measures was traditionally limited to two methods: registered mail with acknowledgment of receipt or judicial process servers.

“In Algeria's administrative judicial system, the service of investigative measures was traditionally limited to two methods: registered mail with acknowledgment of receipt or judicial process servers.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

The electronic filing requirement became mandatory rather than optional for lawyers, public administrations, public law entities, and private bodies managing public services, who are required to register on the platform and submit pleadings, memoranda, and documents electronically; failure to do so renders the case inadmissible.

“became mandatory rather than optional.Lawyers, public administrations, public law entities, and private bodies managing public services are required to register on the platform and submit pleadings, memoranda, and documents electronically; failure to do so renders the case inadmissible.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Judicial systems worldwide have increasingly adopted modern technologies, implementing advanced electronic systems such as e-filing and digital case management.

“Judicial systems worldwide have increasingly adopted modern technologies, implementing advanced electronic systems such as e-filing and digital case management.4”

• cites [4] 2018, “Administrative Reform in Algeria: Presentation of the Experience of the Justice Sector (1999–2017).”, The Scientific Journal of the University of Algiers 3Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Article 177 of the 2020 constitutional amendment affirms that litigants have the right to claim their rights before judicial bodies.

“while Article 177 affirms that”

• cites Article 177Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Jordan has adopted e-filing through the Ministry of Justice's e-portal, which allows users to pay court fees and track case progress remotely.

“Jordan has also adopted e-filing through the Ministry of Justice's e-portal (http:// www.services.moj.gov.jo), which allows users to pay court fees and track case progress remotely.14”

• cites [14] 2015, “Justice administrative: Vers un usage obligatoire de Télérecours.”, Dalloz avocats – Exercer et entreprendreNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Télérecours is mandatory for lawyers, public administrations, and private entities managing public services, eliminating dual paper-electronic submissions.

“-Télérecours: Mandatory for lawyers, public administrations, and private entities managing public services, eliminating dual paper-electronic submissions.10”

• cites [10] 2017, “Télérecours: La dématérialisation devient obligatoire devant les juridictions administratives pour les avocats et les administrations.”, Revue française de droit administratifNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Saudi Arabia has made significant strides in digital litigation through its Mu'een system, an e-portal enabling electronic case filing via the Board of Grievances.

“In the Arab world, Saudi Arabia has made significant strides in digital litigation through its Mu'een system, an e-portal enabling electronic case filing via the Board of Grievances (the competent authority for administrative disputes).12”

• cites [12] 2019, “Intelligence artificielle et mémoire de la justice: Le grand malentendu.”, Les Cahiers de la JusticeNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

The modernization of service of investigative measures aims to improve the judicial system, expedite case resolution, enhance investigative effectiveness, and reduce litigation costs.

“This modernization aims to improve the judicial system, expedite case resolution, enhance investigative effectiveness, and reduce litigation costs.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Digitalizing the service of investigative measures and notifications improves the judicial system, expedites case resolution, enhances investigative effectiveness, and reduces litigation costs.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

In Germany, ordinary litigants remain subject to the traditional system, particularly at first instance, where legal representation is not mandatory under German law.

“Ordinary litigants, on the other hand, remain subject to the traditional system, particularly at the first instance, where legal representation is not mandatory under German law.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

All measures in administrative investigation, whether party pleadings, documents, or orders issued by the presiding judge, are subject to the principle of impartiality, meaning they must be communicated to the parties.

“All such measures, whether party pleadings, documents, or orders issued by the presiding judge, are subject to the principle of impartiality, meaning they must be communicated to the parties.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

France was the first country to implement electronic filing for administrative lawsuits through a dedicated portal (Télérecours), introduced in 2016 under Decree No. 2016/1481 of November 2, 2016.

“France was the first country to implement electronic filing for administrative lawsuits through a dedicated portal (Télérecours, https://www.telerecours.fr/),introduced in 2016 under Decree No. 2016/1481 of November 2, 2016, on electronic procedures before the Council of State, administrative courts of appeal, and administrative tribunals.”

• cites Decree No. 2016/1481Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Romania is a pioneer in digitizing lawsuit filing procedures.

“Romania is another pioneer in digitizing lawsuit filing procedures, considering e-filing the first step toward judicial digitalization, with other steps (such as electronic document exchange and remote hearings) following inevitably.9”

• cites [9] 2021, “Internet Court’s Challenges and Future in China.”, Computer Law & Security ReviewNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The mandatory electronic filing requirement does not apply to municipalities with fewer than 3,500 inhabitants or to entities responsible for serving foreign nationals in administrative detention centers and assisting them in exercising their rights.

“It should be noted that this requirement does not apply to municipalities with fewer than 3,500 inhabitants or to entities responsible for serving foreign nationals in administrative detention centers and assisting them in exercising their rights.16”

• cites [16] 2020, “Courts and Artificial Intelligence.”, International Journal for Court AdministrationNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

In Germany, the electronic exchange of pleadings and documents was introduced in both ordinary and administrative courts via the BEA email system in 2018.

“In Germany, known for its bureaucratic efficiency, the electronic exchange of pleadings and documents was introduced in both ordinary and administrative courts via the BEA email system in 2018.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In Germany, non-compliance with electronic registration and filing results in the formal rejection of the case.

“Non-compliance with electronic registration and filing results in the formal rejection of the case.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The platform provides assistance in case of difficulties.

“The platform also provides assistance in case of difficulties.8”

• cites [8] 2025, “Digitization of the Justice Sector in Algeria between Theory and Practice.”, Journal of Judicial IjtihadNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The challenge of limited digital proficiency is particularly evident in Algerian administrative courts of appeal, where presiding judges must hold at minimum the rank of State Councilor, positions typically filled by senior jurists with deep legal expertise but limited digital proficiency.

“This challenge is particularly evident in administrative courts of appeal, where presiding judges must hold at minimum the rank of State Councilor -positions typically filled by senior jurists with deep legal expertise but limited digital proficiency.”

May combine two claims.

Through the recent 2022 amendment to the Code of Civil and Administrative Procedure, the Algerian legislature replaced postal service with electronic service, making the termination order now deliverable through electronic means.

“Therefore, through the recent 2022 amendment to the Code of Civil and Administrative Procedure, the Algerian legislature replaced this with electronic service, making the termination order now deliverable through electronic means.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

The Algerian legislature's provision on electronic service is discretionary because it uses the permissive term 'may,' so electronic service is not mandatory.

“A contextual reading of this provision reveals its discretionary nature through the use of the permissive term”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In France, database analysis has enabled the quantification of rejected cases concerning deportation and expulsion orders.

“in France, database analysis has enabled the quantification of rejected cases concerning deportation and expulsion orders.27”

• cites [27]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Under the former legal regime, orders postponing the termination of proceedings were served by judicial officers.

“Under the former legal regime, such postponement orders were served by judicial officers.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Leveraging administrative judicial data to analyze trends could measure the independence and evolution of the administrative judiciary, especially given its relative novelty in Algeria.

“Leveraging this data to analyze administrative judicial trends could measure the independence and evolution of the administrative judiciary, especially given its relative novelty in Algeria.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The digital transformation of Algeria's administrative justice system is advancing through technological integration in litigation procedures with potential efficiency gains.

“The digital transformation of Algeria's administrative justice system, while advancing through technological integration in litigation procedures with potential efficiency gains, confronts multiple challenges.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Italy introduced the Processo Civile Telematico platform for digital document exchange in civil courts in 2001, making it mandatory as of 2014.

“Italy introduced the Processo Civile Telematico platform for digital document exchange in civil courts in 2001, making it mandatory as of 2014.15”

• cites [15] 2025, “The Data Revolution in Justice.”, World DevelopmentNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The 2020 constitutional amendment introduced a second appellate tier in Algerian administrative litigation, reinforcing the fundamental principle of dual-instance adjudication.

“the constitutional amendment of 2020 introduced a second appellate tier in administrative litigation -thereby reinforcing the fundamental principle of dual-instance adjudication”

• cites 2020 constitutional amendmentNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

In France, digital transformation was integrated into the investigative procedures of administrative litigation in 2012 under the decree of December 21, 2012, expanding the possibility of serving pleadings and memoranda electronically via the Télérecours application at all stages of litigation and before all administrative courts, including the Conseil d'État.

“In France, digital transformation was integrated into the investigative procedures of administrative litigation in 2012 under the decree of December 21, 2012.This expanded the possibility of serving pleadings and memoranda electronically via the Télérecours application at all stages of litigation and before all administrative courts, including the Conseil d'État.”

May combine two claims.

While digital transformation does not substantively impact administrative adjudication, it qualitatively affects judicial operations by accelerating the processing of cases before administrative courts.

“While digital transformation does not substantively impact administrative adjudication, it qualitatively affects judicial operations by accelerating the processing of cases before administrative courts.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The digitization of service of process during the investigative phase could facilitate expedited case disposition.

“The digitization of service of process during the investigative phase could facilitate expedited case disposition.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The Court of Justice of the European Union launched the E-Curia digital platform in 2011, which became compulsory in 2018, allowing litigants and their representatives to submit pleadings and documents in PDF format and to download and review them.

“the Court of Justice of the European Union launched the E-Curia digital platform in 2011, which became compulsory in 2018.This platform allows litigants and their representatives to submit pleadings and documents in PDF format while enabling parties to download and review them, thereby streamlining procedures and expediting case processing.”

• cites [15] 2025, “The Data Revolution in Justice.”, World DevelopmentNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The complexity, variability, flexibility and discretion characteristic of judicial decisions cannot be easily addressed by automated computer systems; only in the simplest cases can automated decisions be rendered, and even then human input and oversight remain indispensable.

“the complexity, variability, flexibility and discretion characteristic of judicial decisions cannot be easily addressed by automated computer systems.Only in the simplest cases can automated decisions be rendered, and even then, human input and oversight remain indispensable”

• cites [26]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). The quote only partly states this claim.

The application of modern technologies in administrative courts improves efficiency by providing supervisory authorities with access to data, allowing them to track registered, resolved, and pending cases.

“-The application of modern technologies in administrative courts improves efficiency by providing supervisory authorities with access to data, allowing”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Upon conclusion of the investigation, the parties must be notified of the order terminating the proceedings.

“Upon conclusion of the investigation, the parties must be notified of the order terminating the proceedings.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Remote video conferencing technology in France has faced criticism due to technical issues in the video communication system, leading users to resort to unofficial alternative platforms such as Zoom, WhatsApp, and Skype.

“However, this technology has faced criticism due to technical issues in the video communication system, to the extent that users have resorted to unofficial alternative platforms such as Zoom, WhatsApp, and Skype.20”

• cites [20] 2021, “The Smart Court – A New Pathway to Justice in China?”, International Journal for Court AdministrationNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

British Columbia's Civil Resolution Tribunal operates a 24/7 accessible digital platform called 'Solution Explorer' that provides complimentary legal guidance services, automated responses to procedural inquiries, step-by-step dispute resolution pathways, and litigation preparation tools.

“This innovative system utilizes a 24/7 accessible digital platform called”

• cites [22] Thierry, Gabriel. “Le second confinement remet à l’épreuve la numérisation de la justice.” Dalloz actualité, November 2, 2020. https://www.efl.fr/actualite/second-confinement-remet-epreuve-numerisation-justice_f7ab16328-3a87-458e-b4e3-c92c858475b4.Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Initially, notification of the order terminating proceedings was effected through postal service, but this method proved time-consuming, as notices would sometimes arrive after the case had already concluded.

“Initially, this notification was effected through postal service, but this method proved time-consuming, as notices would sometimes arrive after the case had already concluded.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Technological innovations in Algeria's administrative justice may conversely affect judicial effectiveness.

“These very technological innovations may conversely affect judicial effectiveness.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The 'Solution Explorer' platform undergoes comprehensive quarterly updates conducted by specialized legal professionals to maintain informational accuracy and service reliability.

“The platform undergoes comprehensive quarterly updates conducted by specialized legal professionals to maintain informational accuracy and service reliability.22”

• cites [22] Thierry, Gabriel. “Le second confinement remet à l’épreuve la numérisation de la justice.” Dalloz actualité, November 2, 2020. https://www.efl.fr/actualite/second-confinement-remet-epreuve-numerisation-justice_f7ab16328-3a87-458e-b4e3-c92c858475b4.Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

A backup site was established on May 3, 2018, in Kolea as a complementary facility to the primary Data Center in El Biar, Algiers, designed to ensure uninterrupted electronic services in the event of technical failures or cyber intrusion attempts targeting the primary center.

“a backup site was established on May 3, 2018, in Kolea.This site serves as a complementary facility to the primary Data Center located in El Biar, Algiers.”

• cites [25]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.