CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 76Spinal Cord Injury ResearchStroke Rehabilitation and RecoveryNerve injury and regeneration

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 285 of the 285 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Electrical Stimulation and Motor Recovery

Open access
Young, Wise·2015·Cell Transplantation
DOI 10.3727/096368915x686904
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

In recent years, several investigators have successfully regenerated axons in animal spinal cords without locomotor recovery. One explanation is that the animals were not trained to use the regenerated connections. Intensive locomotor training improves walking recovery after spinal cord injury (SCI) in people, and >90% of people with incomplete SCI recover walking with training. Although the optimal timing, duration, intensity, and type of locomotor training are still controversial, many investigators have reported beneficial effects of training on locomotor function. The mechanisms by which training improves recovery are not clear, but an attractive theory is available. In 1949, Donald Hebb proposed a famous rule that has been paraphrased as “neurons that fire together, wire together.” This rule provided a theoretical basis for a widely accepted theory that homosynaptic and heterosynaptic activity facilitate synaptic formation and consolidation. In addition, the lumbar spinal cord has a locomotor center, called the central pattern generator (CPG), which can be activated nonspecifically with electrical stimulation or neurotransmitters to produce walking. The CPG is an obvious target to reconnect after SCI. Stimulating motor cortex, spinal cord, or peripheral nerves can modulate lumbar spinal cord excitability. Motor cortex stimulation causes long-term changes in spinal reflexes and synapses, increases sprouting of the corticospinal tract, and restores skilled forelimb function in rats. Long used to treat chronic pain, motor cortex stimuli modify lumbar spinal network excitability and improve lower extremity motor scores in humans. Similarly, epidural spinal cord stimulation has long been used to treat pain and spasticity. Subthreshold epidural stimulation reduces the threshold for locomotor activity. In 2011, Harkema et al. reported lumbosacral epidural stimulation restores motor control in chronic motor complete patients. Peripheral nerve or functional electrical stimulation (FES) has long been used to activate sacral nerves to treat bladder and pelvic dysfunction and to augment motor function. In theory, FES should facilitate synaptic formation and motor recovery after regenerative therapies. Upcoming clinical trials provide unique opportunities to test the theory.

Overview

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.3727/096368915x686904

Cites

285 of 285 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Verification

Claims the paper makes

We couldn’t retrieve this paper’s full text, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Citations

Cites

Items 201–285 of 285

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 4

  1. GraupeD. KohnK. H. Functional electrical stimulation for ambulation by paraplegics: Twelve years of clinical observations and system studies, 1st ed. Malabar, FL: Krieger Pub. Co.; 1994.
  2. TaylorP. N. EwinsD. J. FoxB. GrundyD. SwainI. D. Limb blood flow, cardiac output and quadriceps muscle bulk following spinal cord injury and the effect of training for the Odstock functional electrical stimulation standing system. Paraplegia 31(5): 303–310; 1993.
  3. 10.1002/bjs.8944 · DOI
  4. WhitehurstT. K. McGivernJ. P. Spinal cord stimulation as a therapy for sexual dysfunction. US006862479B1. United States. U.S. Patent Office; 2005.

Cited by

Sorted by citations

See all 76

Related

See all

Metadata

Authors
Young, W.
Affiliations
Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey (US)
Corresponding author
Young, Wise
Venue
Cell Transplantation
Publisher
SAGE Publications
Published
2015-03
Volume
24
Issue
3
Pages
429-446
ISSN
  • 0963-6897 (ISSN-L)
  • 1555-3892
DOI
10.3727/096368915x686904
OpenAlex
W2011550232
Cited by
76
References
285
Citations by year
2026: 6 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 1
FWCI
0.64
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations
  • Cell Transplantation (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Spinal Cord Injury Research
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Rehabilitation › Stroke Rehabilitation and Recovery
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Nerve injury and regeneration
Keywords
electrical stimulation, motor recovery, spinal cord injury, locomotor training, central pattern generator, epidural spinal cord stimulation, motor cortex stimulation, functional electrical stimulation, synaptic plasticity, Hebbian learning, axon regeneration, corticospinal tract
MeSH terms
Animals, Electric Stimulation, Humans, Locomotion, Motor Cortex, Peripheral Nerves, Spinal Cord, Spinal Cord Injuries, Recovery of Function

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review