The DOI matches its Crossref record; 16 of the 16 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Herbarium specimens demonstrate earlier flowering times in response to warming in Boston
Open accessAbstract
Museum specimens collected in the past may be a valuable source of information on the response of species to climate change. This idea was tested by comparing the flowering times during the year 2003 of 229 living plants growing at the Arnold Arboretum in Boston, Massachusetts, USA, with 372 records of flowering times from 1885 to 2002 using herbarium specimens of the same individual plants. During this period, Boston experienced a 1.5°C increase in mean annual temperature. Flowering times became progressively earlier; plants flowered 8 d earlier from 1980 to 2002 than they did from 1900 to 1920. Most of this shift toward earlier flowering times is explained by the influence of temperature, especially temperatures in the months of February, March, April, and May, on flowering time. Plants with a long flowering duration appear to be as useful for detecting responses to changing temperatures as plants with a short flowering duration. Additional studies using herbarium specimens to detect responses to climate change could examine specimens from specific, intensively collected localities, such as mountain peaks, islands, and unique habitats.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
A globally coherent fingerprint of climate change impacts across natural systems
Parmesan, C., & Yohe, G. (2003) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature01286 · Cited by 11,265
Ecological responses to recent climate change.
Walther, G.-R., Post, E., Convey, P., Menzel, A., Parmesan, C., Beebee, T. J. C., Fromentin, J.-M., Hoegh-Guldberg, O., & Bairlein, F. (2002) · Nature · doi:10.1038/416389a · Cited by 9,975
Fingerprints of global warming on wild animals and plants
Root, T. L., Price, J. T., Hall, K. R., Schneider, S. H., Rosenzweig, C., & Pounds, J. A. (2003) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature01333 · Cited by 4,774
Increased plant growth in the northern high latitudes from 1981 to 1991
Myneni, R. B., Keeling, C. D., Tucker, C. J., Asrar, G., & Nemani, R. R. (1997) · Nature · doi:10.1038/386698a0 · Cited by 3,442
Rapid Changes in Flowering Time in British Plants
Fitter, A. H., & Fitter, R. S. R. (2002) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1071617 · Cited by 1,431
Peñuelas, J., & Filella, I. (2001) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1066860 · Cited by 870
Climate change is affecting altitudinal migrants and hibernating species
Inouye, D. W., Barr, B., Armitage, K. B., & Inouye, B. D. (2000) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.97.4.1630 · Cited by 676
Genetic shift in photoperiodic response correlated with global warming
Bradshaw, W. E., & Holzapfel, C. M. (2001) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.241391498 · Cited by 629
Warmer springs disrupt the synchrony of oak and winter moth phenology
Visser, M. E., & Holleman, L. J. M. (2001) · Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2000.1363 · Cited by 615
Phenological changes reflect climate change in Wisconsin
Bradley, N. L., Leopold, A. C., Ross, J., & Huffaker, W. (1999) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.96.17.9701 · Cited by 538
Cited by
Linking plant phenology to conservation biology
Morellato, L. P. C., Alberton, B., Alvarado, S. T., Borges, B., Buisson, E., Camargo, M. G. G., Cancian, L. F., Carstensen, D. W., Escobar, D. F. E., Leite, P. T. P., et al. (2016) · Biological Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.biocon.2015.12.033 · Cited by 423
Digitization and the Future of Natural History Collections
Hedrick, B. P., Heberling, J. M., Meineke, E. K., Turner, K. G., Grassa, C. J., Park, D. S., Kennedy, J., Clarke, J. A., Cook, J. A., Blackburn, D. C., et al. (2020) · BioScience · doi:10.1093/biosci/biz163 · Cited by 306
Forecasting trait responses in novel environments to aid seed provenancing under climate change
Putra, A. R., Yen, J. D. L., & Fournier‐Level, A. (2023) · Molecular Ecology Resources · doi:10.1111/1755-0998.13728 · Cited by 7
Metadata
- Authors
- Primack, D., Imbres, C., Primack, R. B., Miller‐Rushing, A. J., & Del Tredici, P.
- Venue
- American Journal of Botany
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2004-08
- Volume
- 91
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 1260-1264
- ISSN
- 0002-9122 (ISSN-L)
- 1537-2197
- OpenAlex
- W2122393312
- Cited by
- 371
- References
- 16
- FWCI
- 11.62
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Herbarium specimens demonstrate earlier flowering times in response to warming in Boston. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.3732/ajb.91.8.1260
- The paper
- Primack, D., Imbres, C., Primack, R. B., Miller‐Rushing, A. J., & Del Tredici, P. (2004). Herbarium specimens demonstrate earlier flowering times in response to warming in Boston. American Journal of Botany. https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.91.8.1260
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
