Challenges of the black communities; the conservation of the Santiago Cayapas river commune

It may state two separate claims as one.

The Ecuadorian government established as a prescriptive norm for land regularization that plots of 50 hectares in the East were offered and settlers needed to cut half of the forest within five years to demonstrate effective use.

“Offered plots of 50 hectares of land in the East and needed the settlers to cut half of the forest within five years in order to demonstrate an effective use”

• cites Wasserstrom & Southgate, 2013 sourceSupported

It may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.

The biocorridor was interrupted by the central government's aggressive public policy of agrarian reform and colonization, which redefined the surface of the Chocó, depopulated indigenous and black territories, and established small islands of native vegetation.

“a biocorridor that was interrupted, given the action of the central government through the implementation of an aggressive public policy of agrarian reform and colonization, which redefined the surface of the Chocó, depopulating it.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

The Biogeographic Chocó is a natural neo-tropical corridor extending from Darien in Panama through Colombia and Ecuador to northern Peru, and from the Pacific Coast to the western mountain range.

“The Biogeographic Chocó is a natural neo-tropical corridor that begins its limits from north to south as follows: from the province of Darien to the east of Panama, crossing all of western T”

• cites Chica, 2010Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

It may state two separate claims as one.

The Comuna Río Santiago Cayapas is resource-rich and faces state-driven displacement, logging, oil palm agriculture, and mining.

“Chapter III explores how the resource-rich Rio Santiago Cayapas Commune faces state-driven displacement, logging industry, oil palm agriculture, and mining, prioritizing resource exploitation, impacting local communities.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

The province of Esmeraldas is dissociated from the Biogeographic Chocó and faces environmental risks due to economic exploitation and demand for natural resources.

“The province of Esmeraldas, dissociated from this natural territory, faces environmental risks due to economic exploitation and the demand for natural resources.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

There was a pre-existence of population settlements of African and indigenous descendants who lived together in ecological harmony and belligerence.

“This highlights a process of pre-existence of population settlements, of African and indigenous descendants who lived together in a correct ecological harmony and on the other hand the belligerence of the positioning of one and the other in a common territory”

• cites Rueda, 2019Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

It may state two separate claims as one.

In the 16th century, a slave ship that left Panama for the mines of Callao in Peru sank, and a group of slaves escaped and formed palenques in the region.

“In the 16th century a slave ship that left Panama for the mines of Callao in Peru, sank and a group of slaves escaped and formed some palenques in the region”

• cites Mvengou, 2018Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

The configuration of the African diaspora in the Americas was the main cause of the repopulation of African inhabitants and their descendants in these territories.

“The configuration of the African diaspora in the Americas was the main cause of the repopulation of African inhabitants and their descendants in these territories unknown to them”

• cites Ferreira & Seijas, 2018Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

By 2010, the population of Esmeraldas self-identified as 44.7% mestizos, 43.9% Afro-Ecuadorians, 5.9% whites, 2.8% indigenous, 2.4% Montubio, and 0.3% others.

“by 2010, according to INEC the population self-identified as mestizos 44.7%; Afro-Ecuadorians 43.9%; whites 5.9%; indigenous 2.8%; Montubio 2.4% and others 0.3% (INEC, 2010).”

• cites INEC, 2010Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

The territory of the province of Esmeraldas comes from the rupture of the Biogeographic Chocó territory, a rupture typical of colonization processes and agrarian reforms.

“the territory of the province of Esmeraldas, comes from the rupture of TECHNO Review, 15(1), 2023, pp.227-236 the Biogeographic Chocó territory, a rupture that is typical of colonization processes and agrarian reforms”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Shipwrecks brought many Africans to shore before they experienced slavery in the New World, including one in what is now northwestern Ecuador in the mid-16th century.

“Shipwrecks also brought many Africans to shore before they experienced slavery in the New World.One of the most famous occurred in what is now northwestern Ecuador in the mid-16th century”

• cites Ferreira & Seijas, 2018Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

The Comuna Río Santiago Cayapas has a territory of approximately 60,000 hectares.

“a territory over an area of approximately 60,000 hectares (Arroyo, 2019).”

• cites Arroyo, 2019Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

It may state two separate claims as one.

Logging, oil palm, and mining lead to deforestation, territory loss, conflicts, and environmental degradation, straining life in the Rio Santiago Cayapas Commune.

“Logging, oil palm, and mining lead to deforestation, territory loss, conflicts, and environmental degradation, straining life in the Rio Santiago Cayapas Commune.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

The expansion of the Ecuadorian State, together with the colonization and agrarian reform policy, changed the territorial configuration of the Biogeographic Chocó and affected the ancestral territory of the Commune.

“the expansion of the Ecuadorian State, together with the colonization and agrarian reform policy, changed the territorial configuration of the Biogeographic Chocó and affected the ancestral territory of the Commune.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

The territory was the subject of interests and disputes between various powers and was acquired by private investors at the birth of the Ecuadorian state.

“The territory was the subject of interests and disputes between various powers and was acquired by private investors at the birth of the Ecuadorian state.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

The historical conformation of the territory of the Comuna Río Santiago Cayapas originated from the shipwreck of a slave ship off the coast of Esmeraldas.

“The historical conformation of the territory of the Comuna Río Santiago Cayapas, which originated from the shipwreck of a slave ship off the coast of Esmeraldas.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.

The freed Africans established a Palenque and mixed with other native groups, giving rise to the creation of a free mestizo society.

“The freed Africans established a Palenque and mixed with other native groups, giving rise to the creation of a free mestizo society.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

In 1852, the English negotiated with the Ecuadorian State the method of payment of the foreign debt contracted with Colombia for independence in 1822 and 1824.

“By then, in 1852, the English had negotiated with the State the method of payment of the foreign debt contracted with Colombia for independence in 1822 and 1824.”

• cites Rueda, 2019Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

It may state two separate claims as one.

At the beginning, the territories of the Commune included all lands between the headwaters of the Santiago and Cayapas rivers and ended at their mouth to the Pacific Ocean, and were rich in natural resources with several altitudinal floors generating a variety of ecosystems.

“At the beginning, these territories included all the lands that were between the headwaters of the Santiago and Cayapas rivers and ended at its mouth to the Pacific Ocean, being this territory rich in natural resources, which contained several altitudinal floors, which generated a variety of ecosystems”

• cites Rueda, 2019Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

It may state two separate claims as one.

Black men and women gathered on the shores of Portete beach and entered the jungle territory of Esmeraldas, forming a Palenque.

“these black men and women who gathered on the shores of Portete beach and entered the jungle territory of the province of Esmeraldas, formed a Palenque”

• cites Mvengou, 2018Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

It may state two separate claims as one.

The black inhabitants of the territory decided to acquire the land from the current owners, which had passed from the Kingdom of England to Reinaldo Flores and later to Rufino Viteri, whose widow Isolina Weir inherited the territory.

“the black inhabitants of this territory decided to acquire the land from the current owners of the territory, decided to acquire the land from the current owners, which at that time had passed from the hands of the Kingdom of England to Reinaldo Flores and later to Rufino Viteri, whose widow Isolina Weir inherited the territory”

• cites Rueda, 2019Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

It may state two separate claims as one.

The shipwreck event promoted the freedom of black slaves and is known in Ecuador as the genesis of the rebellion of the slaves and the Apalencamiento of the blacks.

“the event itself [stranding of the ship] promoted the freedom of black slaves among men and women, this process is known in Ecuador, as the genesis of the rebellion of the slaves and the Apalencamiento of the blacks”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.

The Afro-descendant population in the province of Esmeraldas coexists with other ethnic groups, and the territory is characterized by cultural diversity.

“It is mentioned that the Afro-descendant population in the province of Esmeraldas coexists with other ethnic groups, being a territory characterized by cultural diversity.”

• cites INEC, 2010Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

It may state two separate claims as one.

This situation has led to social conflicts and tensions between state authorities and affected populations, whose territorial rights have been violated.

“This situation has led to social conflicts and tensions between state authorities and affected populations, whose territorial rights have been violated.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Unregulated timber extraction has generated an imbalance in local ecosystems and affected biodiversity, which negatively impacts the quality of life and culture of the communities.

“Unregulated timber extraction has generated an imbalance in local ecosystems and affected biodiversity, which in turn negatively impacts the quality of life and culture of the communities.”

Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.

The processes of deterritorialization and dispossession have negatively affected the quality of life and culture of the local communities, putting their survival and socioeconomic well-being at risk.

“The processes of deterritorialization and dispossession have negatively affected the quality of life and culture of the local communities, putting their survival and socioeconomic well-being at risk.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

The communities of the Río Santiago Cayapas Commune have resisted and fought for the defense of their territory and their rights, confronting external actors that threaten their existence and traditional ways of life.

“The communities of the Río Santiago Cayapas Commune have resisted and fought for the defense of their territory and their rights, confronting external actors that threaten their existence and traditional ways of life”

It may state two separate claims as one.

In the communal territory, the timber industry generates unsustainable forest use, ecological imbalance, and converts forest land into farmland, creating an opportunity for the oil palm agro-industry, which in the case of the Comuna Rio Santiago Cayapas is the same timber industry transformed into the agricultural industry.

“generating a very unsustainable forest use, generating conditions of ecological imbalance and converting forest land into farmland, generating an opportunity for the entry of a second industry, the agro-industry of oil palm production, which in the case of the Comuna Rio Santiago Cayapas, is the same timber industry transformed into the agricultural industry.(Arroyo, 2019, p. 51).”

• cites Arroyo, 2019Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

It may state two separate claims as one.

Development policies promoted by the central government have prioritized the exploitation of natural resources, resulting in the loss of territory for local communities.

“According to Ramirez (2019), development policies promoted by the central government have prioritized the exploitation of natural resources, resulting in the loss of territory for local communities.”

• cites Ramirez, 2019Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

It may state two separate claims as one.

Environmental degradation has compromised the health of local populations and affected the availability of water and other fundamental resources for their subsistence.

“Environmental degradation has compromised the health of local populations and affected the availability of water and other fundamental resources for their subsistence.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

Oil palm cultivation has generated conflicts over land use and access to natural resources, reducing communities' livelihood options and affecting their traditional ways of life.

“This activity has generated conflicts over land use and access to natural resources, as communities have seen their livelihood options reduced and their traditional ways of life have been affected.”

It may state two separate claims as one.

The process of constitution of the territory through direct purchase of more than 60,000 hectares lost its main character of recognition, as subsequent actions of nascent governments recognized the territory as national and removed the validity of deeds recognizing communal territory as private property of a group of black people.

“Action that lost the main character of recognition, while the following actions of the nascent governments were raised from the recognition of the territory of national character, and removing the validity of the deeds that rest in the vaults of the Central Bank of Ecuador, where the communal territory is recognized as a private property of a group of black people.(Arroyo, 2019, p. 47).”

• cites Arroyo, 2019Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

It may state two separate claims as one.

The expansion of palm plantations has resulted in the displacement of local communities and the loss of agricultural lands and forest areas.

“According to Vargas and Cordero (2020), the expansion of palm plantations has resulted in the displacement of local communities and the loss of agricultural lands and forest areas.”

• cites Vargas and Cordero, 2020Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

It may state two separate claims as one.

As a result of oil palm cultivation, processes of colonization of communal territory have led to dispossession of land through economic transactions validated by the State of Ecuador, despite jurisprudence establishing communal territory as legally indivisible, non-seizable and inalienable.

“as a result of oil palm cultivation, processes of colonization of communal territory have been generated that have led to the dispossession of land through economic transactions validated by the State of Ecuador, since jurisprudence establishes communal territory as a legally indivisible, non-seizable and inalienable territory (Arroyo, 2019, p. 12).”

• cites Arroyo, 2019Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.