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Cited by 72Memory Processes and InfluencesCognitive Functions and MemoryWriting and Handwriting Education

The effect of repeated writing on memory.

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Naka, Makiko, Naoi, Hiroshi·1995·Memory & Cognition
DOI 10.3758/bf03197222
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Abstract

Repeated writing, or rehearsal by writing, is a common memory strategy for the Japanese, especially when learning new logographic characters. The to-be-remembered items are written down not as external prompts, as with reminder notes, but to be memorized in the course of writing them down over and over again. In this study, we investigated whether the strategy was effective, and if so, in which condition. Experiment 1 showed that repeated writing improved memory for graphic designs but not for Chinese characters, words, or syllables. Experiment 2 showed that the effect occurred for both Japanese and American subjects, suggesting that it was not the result of a cultural background associated with a logographic language. Instead, the effect seemed to be accounted for by the encoding specificity of visual-motor information, because repeated writing improved free recall--that included writing--but did not improve recognition (Experiment 3). In Experiment 4, the strategy was applied to learning the Arabic alphabet. Finally, similarities between repeated writing and Type 1 rehearsal are discussed.

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  • Previous behavioral studies argued that the learning advantage of handwriting over typing is due to motor-perception integration occurring during handwriting, as handwriting movements facilitate recognition of abstract graphic forms, letters, and written words.

    “Previous behavioral studies argued that the learning advantage of handwriting over typing is due to the motor-perception integration occurring during handwriting as handwriting movements facilitate the recognition of abstract graphic forms (Hulme, 1979; Naka and Naoi, 1995), letters (Longcamp et al., 2005, 2006), and written words (Kiefer et al., 2015).”

    From Advantage of Handwriting Over Typing on Learning Words: Evidence From an N400 Event-Related Potential Index (2021) · cites this paper as Naka and Naoi, 1995

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Research works printed but not linked: 4

  1. KAMIYA, S. (1982). The role of maintenance rehearsal in an item search task. Japanese Journal ofPsychology, 53, 87-93.
  2. TAKAHASHI, M. (1985). The function of rehearsal on memory: Oral re- hearsal and rehearsal by writing. In Proceedings of Kansai Shinri Gakkai, 97, 30.
  3. TAKAHASHI, M., & SHIMIZU, H. (1989). The effect of rehearsal by writ- ing and meta-cognition on children's learning of Chinese characters in classroom. In Proceedings ofKansai Shinri Gakkai, 101, 55.
  4. THOMASSEN, A. J. W. M., & TEULINGS, H. H. M. (1983). The develop- ment of handwriting. In M. Martlew (Ed.), The psychology of written

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Authors
Naka, M., & Naoi, H.
Affiliations
Chiba University (JP)
Corresponding author
Naka, Makiko
ORCID
Naka, Makiko
Venue
Memory & Cognition
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
1995-03
Volume
23
Issue
2
Pages
201-212
ISSN
  • 0090-502X (ISSN-L)
  • 1532-5946
DOI
10.3758/bf03197222
OpenAlex
W2039130803
Cited by
72
References
30
Citations by year
2026: 3 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 1 · 2012: 1
FWCI
0.21
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations
  • Memory & Cognition (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Institutional Repositories DataBase (IRDB) (submittedVersion)
  • Hokkaido University Collection of Scholarly and Academic Papers (Hokkaido University) (submittedVersion)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Functions and Memory
  • Social Sciences › Education › Writing and Handwriting Education
Keywords
memory strategies, Chinese characters, encoding specificity, free recall, recognition memory, Arabic alphabet learning, cross-cultural comparison
MeSH terms
Adult, Female, Humans, Japan, Language, Male, Paired-Associate Learning, Practice, Psychological, Psychomotor Performance, Mental Recall, Retention, Psychology, Verbal Learning, Writing

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