External and internal memory aids: When and how often do we use them?
Abstract
What kinds of memory aids do people use to help them remember in their daily lives? Depending on the situation, they may use internal aids (e.g., mental rehearsal, imagery) of the types usually studied in the laboratory or external aids (e.g., reminder notes, asking someone else), which are rarely investigated but may be often used. College students indicated that they used external memory aids more often than internal aids (a) to prepare for future remembering than to remember past situations, (b) to remember spatial tasks than to remember verbal tasks, and (c) to remember to do things in the past than to remember information from the past. External aids were rated as more dependable, easier to use, more accurate, and more preferred than internal ones. At least one external aid, taking notes, affects encoding and not just retrieval, as shown by (a) its facilitation of remembering even when the notes were not available as retrieval cues, and (b) its induction of greater categorization of the to-be-remembered items than the use of some other memory aids.
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Older adults may use external aids to reduce demands on weakened cognitive mechanisms.
“They may also rely on a variety of external aids that seek to reduce demands on compromised cognitive mechanisms”
From Enrichment Effects on Adult Cognitive Development: Can the Functional Capacity of Older Adults Be Preserved and Enhanced? (2008) · cites this paper as Intons-Peterson & Fournier, 1986
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The Effects of Note Taking and Mental Rehearsal On Memory
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- Authors
- Intons-Peterson, M. J., & Fournier, J.
- Affiliations
- Indiana University Bloomington (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Experimental Psychology: General
- Published
- 1986
- Volume
- 115
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 267-280
- ISSN
- 0096-3445 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-2222
- OpenAlex
- W1996832863
- Cited by
- 168
- References
- 34
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 0.54
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Experimental Psychology General (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Functions and Memory
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Identity, Memory, and Therapy
- Keywords
- memory aids, external memory aids, mental practice, imagery, note-taking, encoding, retrieval cues, spatial memory, verbal memory, categorization
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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