The relationship between androgen levels and human spatial abilities
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Androgens have been linked to spatial performance.
“and androgens to spatial performance (Shute et al., 1983).”
From Factors Related to Mean Score Group Differences on Cognitive Ability Tests: A Systematic Review (2025) · cites this paper as Shute et al., 1983
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“…could be reconciled if there is a curvilinear relationship between testosterone levels and spatial ability across the whole range for both sexes (Shute et al., 1983; Moffat & Hampson, 1996): thus in women and older men, higher testosterone levels will be associated with better spatial…”
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“relationship in men is more similar to that of an inverted U-shape curve (Shute et al., 1983; Gouchie and Kimura, 1991; Moffat and Hampson, 1996).”
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“…endogenous T levels and spatial abilities, in the shape of an inverted U, have led many to suggest that there is a non-linear dose-response relationship between T and cognitive abilities (Gouchie & Kimura 1991, Hampson & Moffat 1994, Moffat & Hampson 1996, Muller et al. 2005, Shute et al. 1983).”
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“…Hier & Crowley, 1982; Janowsky et al., 1994; Tan 1990a, 1990b; Tan & Akgun, 1992; Tan et al., 1993; Tan & Tan, 1998) and was inconsistent with some studies reporting an inverse correlation between T and spatial abilities in men (Gouchie & Kimura, 1991; Moffat & Hampson, 1996; Schute et al., 1983).”
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“Frontiers in Psychology | www.frontiersin.org 7 March 2017 | Volume 8 | Article 381 as opposed to the neutral instruction [phonemic: b = 1.49, SEb = 0.07, t(427) = 22.01, p < 0.001; semantic: b = 1.54, SEb = 0.07, t(428) = 23.70, p < 0.001] and significantly smaller clusters during the switching…”
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“…in both women (Broverman et al., 1981; Hampson, 1990; Hampson & Kimura, 1988; Komnenich, Lane, Dickey, & Stone, 1978; Silverman & Phillips, 1993; but for exception see Gordon & Lee, 1993; Rosenberg & Park, 2002) and men (Gouchie & Kimura, 1991; Kozaki & Yasukouchi, 2008; Shute et al., 1983).”
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Sex steroid hormones and cognitive functioning in healthy, older men.
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“…between endogenous testosterone levels and spatial cognition in young (Halari et al., 2005; McKeever and Deyo, 1990; Moffat and Hampson, 1996; Shute et al., 1983; Yonker et al., 2006) and in older men (Fonda et al., 2005; Perry et al., 2001; Yonker et al., 2006), or have failed to find an…”
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“These results have been tentatively supported by studies that directly measured testosterone levels (Gouchie and Kimura, 1991; Shute et al., 1983).”
ResultThe Ratio of the 2nd to 4th Finger Length Predicts Spatialability in Men but Not Women
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“between testosterone levels and visuospatial abilities (Christensen, 1993; Christensen and Knussman, 1987), while others suggest a non-linear relationship in which men with lower testosterone levels perform better in spatial tasks than men with higher testosterone levels, and women with higher testosterone levels perf…”
InfluentialThe cognitive neuropsychology of sex hormones in men and women
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“More substantial explanations have attributed sex differences in perceived self-orientation to differences between females and males in other measures of spatial ability (Sherman, 1967; Hyde et al., 1975; Shute et al., 1983; Linn & Petersen, 1985; Voyer et al., 1995; Parsons et al., 2004).”
Pubertal testosterone predicts mental rotation performance of young adult males
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“Some studies have indicated a positive correlation between testosterone and male favoring spatial abilities in females, but a negative correlation among males, which raise the question of whether optimal levels of testosterone are requisite for good spatial abilities (Shute et al., 1983; Gouchie and Kimura, 1991; Moff…”
BackgroundSex, sexual orientation and sex hormones influence human cognitive function
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“These effects are similar to past studies which have suggested that optimal spatial performance (mental rotation or spatial visualization) is associated with a T level near the upper end of the female distribution and lower end of the male distribution (Shute et al., 1983; Gouchie and Kimura, 1991; Moffat and Hampson,…”
ResultMoffat, S. D., & Hampson, E. (2000) · Neuropsychology · doi:10.1037/0894-4105.14.1.71 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
The Circalunar Cycle of Salivary Testosterone and the Visual-Spatial Performance
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“Females with the highest androgen levels performed better on spatial test than females with the lowest androgen levels, whereas the highest androgen males performed more poorly than males with the lowest androgen concentrations (Shute et al, 1983; Gouchie and Kimura, 1991).”
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“In women, the available data suggest that high testosterone levels are associated with better performance on mental rotation and visuo-spatial abilities (Shute et al., 1983; Imperato-McGinley et al., 1991; Gouchie and Kimura, 1991; Moffat and Hampson, 1996; Hausmann et al., 2000; Aleman et al., 2004), and that they ha…”
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Psychotropic effects of testosterone
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Perspective and strategy interactively modulate sex differences in a 3D navigation task
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Sex, Brains, Hands, and Spatial Cognition
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“Note that these studies involved mainly adult participants (Gouchie & Kimura, 1991; Hampson & Kimura, 1992; Shute et al., 1983).”
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- Authors
- Shute, V. J., Pellegrino, J. W., Hubert, L., & Reynolds, R. W.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Santa Barbara (US)
- Venue
- Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society
- Published
- 1983-06
- Volume
- 21
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 465-468
- ISSN
- 0090-5054 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2113500457
- Cited by
- 164
- References
- 15
- Citations by year
- 2025: 2 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 2 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 1 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 3.71
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Automotive Engineering › Spatial Cognition and Navigation
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Sexual Differentiation and Disorders
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
- Keywords
- androgens, spatial ability, individual differences, sex differences, curvilinear relationship, spatial task performance
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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