Shock to a conspecific as an aversive stimulus
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In formal studies, various animals (hamsters, rats, rhesus monkeys, mice) prefer or work for social contact over other rewards.
“In formal studies, hamsters will push heavy doors to gain social contact [69], rats prefer social contact to chocolate [70], rhesus monkeys will starve themselves rather than giving a conspecific a shock [71] and mice prefer a cagemate over nesting material [72].”
From The social origins of consciousness (2025) · cites this paper as [71]
The Results report that 6 of 10 rhesus monkeys sacrificed opportunities to obtain food to avoid shocking another monkey. But “starve themselves” overstates the finding: the paper reports reduced food intake, including an average of 7.6 days with minimal food for a subgroup, not starvation. (LLM, conf=0.84)
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Cites
REFLEXIVE FIGHTING IN RESPONSE TO AVERSIVE STIMULATION1
Ulrich, R. E., & Azrin, N. H. (1962) · Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior · doi:10.1901/jeab.1962.5-511 · Cited by 491 · see citing works
Emotional reactions of rats to the pain of others.
Church, R. M. (1959) · Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0043531 · Cited by 285 · see citing works
Rice, G. E., & Gainer, P. (1962) · Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0042276 · Cited by 201 · see citing works
Altruism or Arousal in the Rat?
Lavery, J. J., & Foley, P. J. (1963) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.140.3563.172 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
The Communication of Affect in Rhesus Monkeys: I. An Experimental Method
Mirsky, I. A., Miller, R. E., & Murphy, J. V. (1958) · Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association · doi:10.1177/000306515800600303 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
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Empathy: its ultimate and proximate bases
Preston, S. D., & de Waal, F. B. M. (2002) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x02000018 · Cited by 4,126 · see citing works
Putting the Altruism Back into Altruism: The Evolution of Empathy
de Waal, F. B. M. (2008) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.59.103006.093625 · Cited by 2,483 · see citing works
Mammalian empathy: behavioural manifestations and neural basis
de Waal, F. B. M., & Preston, S. D. (2017) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn.2017.72 · Cited by 957 · see citing works
The social origins of consciousness
Andrews, K., & Miller, N. (2025) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2024.0300 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“In formal studies, hamsters will push heavy doors to gain social contact [69], rats prefer social contact to chocolate [70], rhesus monkeys will starve themselves rather than giving a conspecific a shock [71] and mice prefer a cagemate over nesting material [72].”
- Authors
- Wechkin, S., Masserman, J. H., & Terris, W.
- Affiliations
- Northwestern University (US)
- Venue
- Psychonomic Science
- Published
- 1964-01
- Volume
- 1
- Issue
- 1-12
- Pages
- 47-48
- ISSN
- 0033-3131 (ISSN-L)
- 2197-9952
- OpenAlex
- W2036873686
- Cited by
- 90
- References
- 5
- Citations by year
- 2025: 2 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 2 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 1.12
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Psychonomic Science (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Primate Behavior and Ecology
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Keywords
- aversive stimuli, electric shock, rhesus monkeys, conspecific avoidance, hunger, dominance hierarchy
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