The DOI matches its Crossref record; 26 of the 26 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Twenty years of load theory—Where are we now, and where should we go next?
Open accessOverview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Control of goal-directed and stimulus-driven attention in the brain
Corbetta, M., & Shulman, G. L. (2002) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn755 · Cited by 12,881
Baddeley, A. D., & Hitch, G. (1974) · Psychology of Learning and Motivation · doi:10.1016/s0079-7421(08)60452-1 · Cited by 9,860
Posner, M. I. (1980) · Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1080/00335558008248231 · Cited by 9,670 · cited 2×
“Later studies that supported late selection were more inclined to use the ‘selective set paradigm’, in which participants are presented with a small number of stimuli and asked to perform a simple task (e.g. Posner, 1980).”
BackgroundNeural Mechanisms of Selective Visual Attention
Desimone, R., & Duncan, J. (1995) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev.ne.18.030195.001205 · Cited by 8,388
The fusiform face area: a module in human extrastriate cortex specialized for face perception
Kanwisher, N., McDermott, J., & Chun, M. M. (1997) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.17-11-04302.1997 · Cited by 7,738
The episodic buffer: a new component of working memory?
Baddeley, A. (2000) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/s1364-6613(00)01538-2 · Cited by 7,359 · cited 1×
“…process and maintain information (the phonological loop and visuo-spatial sketchpad), a system responsible for binding information together (the episodic buffer) and the supervisory system which governs the activity of the rest (the central executive) (Baddeley & Hitch, 1974; Baddeley, 2000).”
BackgroundEffects of noise letters upon the identification of a target letter in a nonsearch task
Eriksen, B. A., & Eriksen, C. W. (1974) · Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/bf03203267 · Cited by 7,230
Anxiety and cognitive performance: Attentional control theory
Eysenck, M. W., Derakshan, N., Santos, R., & Calvo, M. G. (2007) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/1528-3542.7.2.336 · Cited by 5,289 · cited 3×
“This is what would be predicted by Attentional Control Theory but not by Load Theory.”
ResultBroadbent, D. E. (1958) · doi:10.1037/10037-000 · Cited by 4,337
The information available in brief visual presentations
Sperling, G. (1960) · Psychological Monographs: General and Applied · doi:10.1037/h0093759 · Cited by 4,042
The reorienting system of the human brain: from environment to theory of mind
Corbetta, M., Patel, G., & Shulman, G. L. (2008) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2008.04.017 · Cited by 3,889
Gorillas in our midst: sustained inattentional blindness for dynamic events
Simons, D. J., & Chabris, C. F. (1999) · Perception · doi:10.1068/p281059 · Cited by 3,181
Action video game modifies visual selective attention
Green, C. S., & Bavelier, D. (2003) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature01647 · Cited by 2,540
Selective Attention Gates Visual Processing in the Extrastriate Cortex
Moran, J., & Desimone, R. (1985) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.4023713 · Cited by 2,433
Repetition and the brain: neural models of stimulus-specific effects
Grill-Spector, K., Henson, R., & Martin, A. (2006) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2005.11.006 · Cited by 2,256
Load Theory of Selective Attention and Cognitive Control
Lavie, N., Hirst, A., de Fockert, J. W., & Viding, E. (2004) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.133.3.339 · Cited by 1,812 · cited 1×
“…previous findings, with methodological differences between studies where cognitive load increased distractor interference (Lavie & deFockert, 2005; Lavie et al., 2004, Carmel, Fairnie & Lavie, 2012) and those where cognitive load reduced distractor interference (Rose, Schmid, Winzen, Sommer &…”
ResultExpertise for cars and birds recruits brain areas involved in face recognition
Gauthier, I., Skudlarski, P., Gore, J. C., & Anderson, A. W. (2000) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/72140 · Cited by 1,418
Competitive Mechanisms Subserve Attention in Macaque Areas V2 and V4
Reynolds, J. H., Chelazzi, L., & Desimone, R. (1999) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.19-05-01736.1999 · Cited by 1,236
Attentional modulation of visual motion processing in cortical areas MT and MST
Treue, S., & Maunsell, J. H. R. (1996) · Nature · doi:10.1038/382539a0 · Cited by 1,025
Perceptual load as a major determinant of the locus of selection in visual attention
Lavie, N., & Tsal, Y. (1994) · Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/bf03213897 · Cited by 870 · cited 9×
“This review will examine the state of the research to date - it is timely that we do so now, having passed the 20th anniversary of the load hypothesis (first proposed in Lavie & Tsal, 1994).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialAttention, distraction, and cognitive control under load
Lavie, N. (2010) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0963721410370295 · Cited by 673
A selective review of selective attention research from the past century
Driver, J. (2001) · British Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1348/000712601162103 · Cited by 658
Spatial Attention Effects in Macaque Area V4
Connor, C. E., Preddie, D. C., Gallant, J. L., & Van Essen, D. C. (1997) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.17-09-03201.1997 · Cited by 448
Attention and Anxiety: Different Attentional Functioning Under State and Trait Anxiety
Pacheco-Unguetti, A. P., Acosta, A., Callejas, A., & Lupiáñez, J. (2010) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797609359624 · Cited by 415
The Role of Perceptual Load in Processing Distractor Faces
Lavie, N., Ro, T., & Russell, C. (2003) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/1467-9280.03453 · Cited by 313
Attention, researchers! It Is time to take a look at the real world
Kingstone, A., Smilek, D., Ristic, J., Kelland Friesen, C., & Eastwood, J. D. (2003) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/1467-8721.01255 · Cited by 236 · cited 2×
“Load Theory does not stand alone in this regard; it has been suggested that many attentional research paradigms have failed to remain grounded in real life behaviour (Kingstone et al., 2003).”
Background
Cited by
Alami, J., El Iskandarani, M., & Riggs, S. L. (2025) · Human Factors: The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society · doi:10.1177/00187208251323478 · Cited by 9
Hopman, H. J., Choy, H. Y., Ho, W. S., Lu, H., Wong, W. H. O., & Chan, S. M. S. (2021) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s307119 · Cited by 5
Metadata
- Authors
- Murphy, G., Groeger, J. A., & Greene, C. M.
- Venue
- Psychonomic Bulletin & Review
- Published
- 2016-01-04
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 1316-1340
- ISSN
- 1069-9384 (ISSN-L)
- 1531-5320
- OpenAlex
- W2225252890
- Cited by
- 258
- References
- 26
- FWCI
- 10.38
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
