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Cited by 5Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation StudiesTreatment of Major DepressionElectroconvulsive Therapy Studies

The Effects of Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Antidepressant Response on Cold Cognition: A Single-Arm Prospective Longitudinal Study

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Hopman, Helene Janine, Choy, Hiu Ying, Ho, Wing Sze, Lu, Hanna, Wong, Wing Ho Oscar, Chan, Sau Man Sandra·2021·Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment
DOI 10.2147/ndt.s307119PMC PMC8165208
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Abstract

PURPOSE: The cognitive neuropsychological model of depression suggests that the cognitive deficits observed in depressed subjects are the result of attenuated top-down cognitive control resulting in increased bottom-up emotional processing. Remediation of cognitive impairments in cold cognition has been proposed as a valuable treatment for depression. The study aimed to examine the effects of clinical response to repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) on cold cognition over the course of 8 weeks in medication-refractory depressed subjects. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-two medication-refractory depressed subjects received twenty sessions of high-frequency rTMS targeting the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, one of the key nodes of the cognitive control network. Cold cognition and antidepressant treatment response were monitored at baseline, week 2, 4 and 8. Clinical response was defined as ≥50% reduction in Montgomery-Åsberg Depression Rating Scale score at week 8. Longitudinal changes in cold cognition were modeled using (generalized) linear mixed models. It was hypothesized that the excitatory effects of rTMS would improve cognition in the domains of executive function, memory, and attention. Additionally, responders were expected to show larger cognitive improvements than nonresponders. RESULTS: A decrease in median latency was observed on a task that measured executive function, irrespective of treatment response status. Further, responders showed significantly larger improvements in A-Prime (the ability to detect target sequences) on a sustained attention task. Post hoc analysis indicated higher levels of rumination in non-responders. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that distractions during tasks with low perceptual complexity affected nonresponders disproportionately possibly due to higher rumination levels. Overall, cold cognition in medication-resistant depressed subjects was minimally affected by rTMS, substantiating the safety of rTMS treatment. LIMITATIONS: The sample size was small, and the study did not include a control group.

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  • Cognitive improvements following rTMS have been observed in younger adults with depression across various domains including learning and memory, attention, executive function, and psychomotor processing speed.

    “Cognitive improvements following rTMS have been observed in younger adults with depression across various domains including learning and memory,16–18 attention, 19 executive function19–24 and psychomotor processing speed.”

    From Cognitive Outcomes After Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for the Treatment of Late-Life Depression: Résultats cognitifs après la stimulation magnétique transcrânienne pour le traitement de la dépression chez les personnes âgées (2026) · cites this paper as [19]

    The Results (OTS; page unavailable) report faster performance on an executive-function task, supporting the executive-function portion for which this citation appears in the citing sentence. The study did not establish that the improvement was specific to younger adults: participants were 18–57 years old, and the Discussion (Executive Function; page unavailable) says practice effects could also explain the change. Its Results found no improvement on the learning and memory tests, while the Discussion (Sustained Attention; page unavailable) says processing speed did not improve. (LLM, conf=0.86)

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Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Hopman, H. J., Choy, H. Y., Ho, W. S., Lu, H., Wong, W. H. O., & Chan, S. M. S.
Affiliations
Chinese University of Hong Kong (HK)
Corresponding author
Hopman, Helene Janine
ORCID
Venue
Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment
Publisher
Informa UK Limited
Published
2021-05
Volume
Volume 17
Pages
1647-1658
ISSN
  • 1176-6328 (ISSN-L)
  • 1178-2021
DOI
10.2147/ndt.s307119
PMC
PMC8165208
OpenAlex
W3164394214
Cited by
5
References
3
Citations by year
2025: 3 · 2024: 1 · 2022: 1
FWCI
0.20
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Dove Medical Press (Taylor and Francis Group) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Studies
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Treatment of Major Depression
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Electroconvulsive Therapy Studies
Keywords
repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation, cold cognition, depression, antidepressant response, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, executive function, sustained attention, rumination, cognitive control, cognitive deficits in depression, treatment response

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