Cited by 209Social and Intergroup PsychologyPsychometric Methodologies and TestingRacial and Ethnic Identity Research

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Best research practices for using the Implicit Association Test

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Greenwald, Anthony G., Brendl, Miguel, Cai, Huajian, Cvencek, Dario, Dovidio, John F., Friese, Malte, Hahn, Adam, Hehman, Eric, Hofmann, Wilhelm, Hughes, Sean, Hussey, Ian, Jordan, Christian, Kirby, Teri A., Lai, Calvin K., Lang, Jonas W. B., Lindgren, Kristen P., Maison, Dominika, Ostafin, Brian D., Rae, James R., Ratliff, Kate A., Spruyt, Adriaan, Wiers, Reinout W.·2022·Behavior Research Methods

DOI 10.3758/s13428-021-01624-3PMC PMC9170636

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Abstract

Interest in unintended discrimination that can result from implicit attitudes and stereotypes (implicit biases) has stimulated many research investigations. Much of this research has used the Implicit Association Test (IAT) to measure association strengths that are presumed to underlie implicit biases. It had been more than a decade since the last published treatment of recommended best practices for research using IAT measures. After an initial draft by the first author, and continuing through three subsequent drafts, the 22 authors and 14 commenters contributed extensively to refining the selection and description of recommendation-worthy research practices. Individual judgments of agreement or disagreement were provided by 29 of the 36 authors and commenters. Of the 21 recommended practices for conducting research with IAT measures presented in this article, all but two were endorsed by 90% or more of those who felt knowledgeable enough to express agreement or disagreement; only 4% of the totality of judgments expressed disagreement. For two practices that were retained despite more than two judgments of disagreement (four for one, five for the other), the bases for those disagreements are described in presenting the recommendations. The article additionally provides recommendations for how to report procedures of IAT measures in empirical articles.

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Authors: Greenwald, A. G., Brendl, M., Cai, H., Cvencek, D., Dovidio, J. F., Friese, M., Hahn, A., Hehman, E., Hofmann, W., Hughes, S., Hussey, I., Jordan, C., Kirby, T. A., Lai, C. K., Lang, J. W. B., Lindgren, K. P., Maison, D., Ostafin, B. D., Rae, J. R., Ratliff, K. A., Spruyt, A., & Wiers, R. W.
Affiliations: University of Washington (US)
Chinese Academy of Sciences (CN)
Yale University (US)
Saarland University (DE)
University of Cologne (DE)
McGill University (CA)
Ruhr University Bochum (DE)
Ghent University (BE)
Wilfrid Laurier University (CA)
University of Exeter (GB)
Washington University in St. Louis (US)
University of Warsaw (PL)
University of Groningen (NL)
University of Massachusetts Amherst (US)
University of Florida (US)
University of Amsterdam (NL)
Corresponding author: Greenwald, Anthony G.
ORCID: Greenwald, Anthony G.
Cai, Huajian
Dovidio, John F.
Friese, Malte
Hahn, Adam
Hehman, Eric
Hofmann, Wilhelm
Hughes, Sean
Hussey, Ian
Jordan, Christian
Kirby, Teri A.
Lai, Calvin K.
Lang, Jonas W. B.
Lindgren, Kristen P.
Maison, Dominika
Ostafin, Brian D.
Ratliff, Kate A.
Spruyt, Adriaan
Wiers, Reinout W.
Venue: Behavior Research Methods
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2021-09-13
Volume: 54
Issue: 3
Pages: 1161-1180
ISSN: 1554-351X (ISSN-L)
1554-3528
DOI: 10.3758/s13428-021-01624-3
PMC: PMC9170636
OpenAlex: W3200635405
Cited by: 209
References: 66
Citations by year: 2026: 49 · 2025: 51 · 2024: 50 · 2023: 37 · 2022: 20
FWCI: 37.07
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: hybrid
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 (tdm)
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 (vor)
Locations: Behavior Research Methods (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Kölner Universitäts PublikationsServer (Universität zu Köln) (publishedVersion)
UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (acceptedVersion, cc-by)
Ghent University Academic Bibliography (Ghent University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
BORIS (University Library Bern) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
edoc (University of Basel) (submittedVersion)
Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Open Research Exeter (University of Exeter) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
University of Groningen research database (University of Groningen / Centre for Information Technology) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Funders: Economic and Social Research Council (ES/S00274X/1)
Topics: Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Racial and Ethnic Identity Research
Keywords: Implicit Association Test, implicit bias, implicit attitudes, stereotypes, research best practices, measurement validity, reporting procedures
MeSH terms: Association, Attitude, Humans

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