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In Disguise or Out of Reach: First Clues about In Situ and Accreted Stars in the Stellar Halo of the Milky Way from Gaia DR2
Open accessAbstract
We investigate the nature of the double color–magnitude sequence observed in the Gaia DR2 HR diagram of stars with high transverse velocities. The stars in the reddest-color sequence are likely dominated by the dynamically hot tail of the thick disk population. Information from Nissen & Schuster and from the APOGEE survey suggests that stars in the blue-color sequence have elemental abundance patterns that can be explained by this population having a relatively low star formation efficiency during its formation. In dynamical and orbital spaces, such as the “Toomre diagram,” the two sequences show a significant overlap, but with a tendency for stars on the blue-color sequence to dominate regions with no or retrograde rotation and high total orbital energy. In the plane defined by the maximal vertical excursion of the orbits versus their apocenters, stars of both sequences redistribute into discrete wedges. We conclude that stars that are typically assigned to the halo in the solar vicinity are actually both accreted stars lying along the blue sequence in the HR diagram, and the low rotational velocity tail of the old Galactic disk, possibly dynamically heated by past accretion events. Our results imply that a halo population formed in situ and responsible for the early chemical enrichment prior to the formation of the thick disk has yet to be robustly identified, and that what has been defined as the stars of the in situ stellar halo of the Galaxy may in fact be fossil records of its last significant merger.
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“The other very important contributor in the vicinity of the Sun to stars on halo-like orbits is the (tail of the) Milky Way thick disk (Gaia Collab. et al. 2018a, Haywood et al. 2018, Koppelman et al. 2018), as can be seen Figure 2a.”
From Streams, Substructures, and the Early History of the Milky Way (2020) · cites this paper as Haywood et al. 2018
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“However, the second sequence is populated by stars that, kinematically, are clearly part of the tail of the thick disk seen in Figure 5b (Di Matteo et al. 2019, Haywood et al. 2018).”
From Streams, Substructures, and the Early History of the Milky Way (2020) · cites this paper as Haywood et al. 2018
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Limberg, G., Ji, A. P., Naidu, R. P., Chiti, A., Rossi, S., Usman, S. A., Ting, Y.-S., Zaritsky, D., Bonaca, A., Borbolato, L., et al. (2024) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stae969 · Cited by 21
The Rise of the r-process in the Gaia-Sausage/Enceladus Dwarf Galaxy ∗
Ou, X., Ji, A. P., Frebel, A., Naidu, R. P., & Limberg, G. (2024) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad6f9b · Cited by 19
Bonifacio, P., Caffau, E., François, P., & Spite, M. (2025) · The Astronomy and Astrophysics Review · doi:10.1007/s00159-025-00159-2 · Cited by 27
François, P., Cescutti, G., Bonifacio, P., Caffau, E., Monaco, L., Steffen, M., Puschnig, J., Calura, F., Cristallo, S., Marcantonio, P. D., et al. (2024) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202449539 · Cited by 18
The metal-poor end of the Spite plateau
Pinto, A. M. M., Spite, M., Caffau, E., Bonifacio, P., Sbordone, L., Sivarani, T., Steffen, M., Spite, F., François, P., & Matteo, P. D. (2021) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202141288 · Cited by 19
Neutron-capture elements record the ordered chemical evolution of the disc over time
Horta, D., Ness, M., Rybizki, J., Schiavon, R. P., & Buder, S. (2022) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stac953 · Cited by 22
Substructures, resonances, and debris streams
Dodd, E., Helmi, A., & Koppelman, H. H. (2021) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202141354
The Pristine survey – XIX. Cu and Zn abundances in metal-poor giants
Caffau, E., Lombardo, L., Mashonkina, L. I., Sitnova, T. M., Bonifacio, P., Pinto, A. M. M., Kordopatis, G., Sestito, F., Aguado, D. S., Salvadori, S., et al. (2022) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stac3372 · Cited by 17
Figuring Out Gas and Galaxies in Enzo (FOGGIE). VII. The (Dis)assembly of Stellar Halos
Wright, A. C., Tumlinson, J., Peeples, M. S., O’Shea, B. W., Lochhaas, C., Corlies, L., Smith, B., Binh, N., Augustin, R., & Simons, R. C. (2024) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad49a3 · Cited by 20
Dwarfs in the Milky Way halo outer rim: first infall or backsplash satellites?
Blaña, M., Burkert, A. M., Fellhauer, M., Schartmann, M., & Alig, C. (2020) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staa2153 · Cited by 18
Kundu, R., Navarrete, C., Fernández-Trincado, J. G., Minniti, D., Singh, H. P., Sbordone, L., Piatti, A. E., & Reylé, C. (2020) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202038720 · Cited by 17
Linking nearby stellar streams to more distant halo overdensities
Balbinot, E., & Helmi, A. (2021) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202141015 · Cited by 17
An enquiry on the origins of N-rich stars in the inner Galaxy based on APOGEE chemical compositions
Kisku, S. S., Schiavon, R. P., Horta, D., Mason, A., Mackereth, J. T., Hasselquist, S., García-Hernández, D. A., Bizyaev, D., Brownstein, J. R., Lane, R. R., et al. (2021) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stab525 · Cited by 17
Carollo, D., Christlieb, N., Tissera, P. B., & Sillero, E. (2023) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/acac25 · Cited by 18
Ratcliffe, B., Александрович, Х. С., Minchev, I., Lu, Y., de Jong, R. S., & Steinmetz, M. (2024) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202449268 · Cited by 19
Why does the Milky Way have a bar?
Александрович, Х. С., Minchev, I., Steinmetz, M., Ratcliffe, B., Walcher, C. J., & Libeskind, N. I. (2024) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stae1902 · Cited by 16
Estimating the local dark matter density in a non-axisymmetric wobbling disc
Sivertsson, S., Read, J. I., Silverwood, H., de Salas, P. F., Malhan, K., Widmark, A., Laporte, C. F. P., Garbari, S., & Katherine Freese, B. (2022) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stac094 · Cited by 16
Dynamics of stellar disc tilting from satellite mergers
Dodge, B., Slone, O., Lisanti, M., & Timothy Cohen, A. (2022) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stac3249 · Cited by 20
The orbital evolution of UFDs and GCs in an evolving Galactic potential
Armstrong, B., Bekki, K., & Ludlow, A. D. (2020) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staa3391 · Cited by 17
Galactic ArchaeoLogIcaL ExcavatiOns (GALILEO)
Ortigoza-Urdaneta, M., Vieira, K., Fernández-Trincado, J. G., Queiroz, A. B. A., Barbuy, B., Beers, T. C., Chiappini, C., Anders, F., Minniti, D., & Tang, B. (2023) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202346325 · Cited by 16
The early merger that made the galaxy’s stellar halo
Evans, N. W. (2019) · Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union · doi:10.1017/s1743921319009700 · Cited by 16
Almusleh, N. A., Taani, A. A., Özdemir, S., Rah, M., Al‐Wardat, M. A., Zhao, G., & Mardini, M. K. (2021) · Astronomische Nachrichten · doi:10.1002/asna.202113867 · Cited by 16
High-speed stars: Galactic hitchhikers
Caffau, E., Monaco, L., Bonifacio, P., Sbordone, L., Haywood, M., Spite, M., Matteo, P. D., Spite, F., Mucciarelli, A., François, P., et al. (2020) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202038057 · Cited by 15
Self-citationKim, B., & Lépine, S. (2021) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stab3671 · Cited by 17
Exploring the chemodynamics of metal-poor stellar populations
da Silva, A. R., & Smiljanić, R. (2023) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202347229 · Cited by 15
The Panchromatic Hubble Andromeda Treasury. XX. The Disk of M31 is Thick
Dalcanton, J. J., Bell, E. F., Choi, Y., Dolphin, A. E., Fouesneau, M., Girardi, L., Hogg, D. W., Seth, A. C., & Williams, B. F. (2023) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/accc83 · Cited by 21
Bonifacio, P., Caffau, E., Monaco, L., Sbordone, L., Spite, M., Mucciarelli, A., François, P., Lombardo, L., & Pinto, A. M. M. (2024) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202347865 · Cited by 14
Horta, D., Lu, Y., Ness, M., Lisanti, M., & Price-Whelan, A. M. (2024) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad58de · Cited by 14
Characterisation of local halo building blocks: Thamnos and Sequoia
Dodd, E., Ruiz-Lara, T., Helmi, A., Gallart, C., Callingham, T. M., Cassisi, S., Fernández-Alvar, E., & Surot, F. (2025) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202451978 · Cited by 14
Study of the departures from LTE in the unevolved stars infrared spectra
Korotin, S. A., Andrievsky, S. M., Caffau, E., Bonifacio, P., & Oliva, E. (2020) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staa1707 · Cited by 14
Polytropic spheres modelling dark matter haloes of dwarf galaxies
Novotný, J., Stuchlík, Z., & Hladík, J. (2021) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202039338 · Cited by 14
Using action space clustering to constrain the recent accretion history of Milky Way-like galaxies
Wu, Y., Valluri, M., Panithanpaisal, N., Sanderson, R. E., Katherine Freese, B., Wetzel, A. R., & Sharma, S. (2021) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stab3306 · Cited by 14
Metadata
- Authors
- Haywood, M., Di Matteo, P., Lehnert, M. D., Snaith, O., Khoperskov, S., & Gómez, A.
- Affiliations
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
- Korea Institute for Advanced Study (KR)
- Corresponding author
- Haywood, M.
- Gómez, A.
- Venue
- The Astrophysical Journal
- Publisher
- American Astronomical Society
- Published
- 2018-08-16
- Volume
- 863
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 113
- ISSN
- 0004-637X (ISSN-L)
- 1538-4357
- OpenAlex
- W2802061397
- Cited by
- 360
- References
- 32
- Citations by year
- 2026: 26 · 2025: 54 · 2024: 49 · 2023: 46 · 2022: 42 · 2021: 55 · 2020: 46 · 2019: 33 · 2018: 9
- FWCI
- 19.29
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- arxiv.org
- Licence
- Locations
- The Astrophysical Journal (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- HAL (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Funders
- Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR-15-CE31-0007)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Astrophysics and Star Formation Studies
- Keywords
- Milky Way stellar halo, thick disk, retrograde rotation, orbital energies, chemical enrichment, Gaia DR2, APOGEE
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