Two stellar components in the halo of the Milky Way
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The halo of the Milky Way provides unique elemental abundance and kinematic information on the first objects to form in the Universe, and this information can be used to tightly constrain models of galaxy formation and evolution. Although the halo was once considered a single component, evidence for its dichotomy has slowly emerged in recent years from inspection of small samples of halo objects. Here we show that the halo is indeed clearly divisible into two broadly overlapping structural components--an inner and an outer halo--that exhibit different spatial density profiles, stellar orbits and stellar metallicities (abundances of elements heavier than helium). The inner halo has a modest net prograde rotation, whereas the outer halo exhibits a net retrograde rotation and a peak metallicity one-third that of the inner halo. These properties indicate that the individual halo components probably formed in fundamentally different ways, through successive dissipational (inner) and dissipationless (outer) mergers and tidal disruption of proto-Galactic clumps.
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There is still some tension with Carollo et al. (2007) because their outer halo peaked at [Fe/H] ∼ −2.2, lower than is typical for Gaia-Enceladus stars.
“There is, however, still some tension with the work of Carollo et al. (2007) because what they called the outer halo peaked at a metallicity of [Fe/H] ∼ -2.2, lower than is typical for Gaia-Enceladus stars.”
From Streams, Substructures, and the Early History of the Milky Way (2020) · cites this paper as Carollo et al. 2007
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THE SEGUE STELLAR PARAMETER PIPELINE. II. VALIDATION WITH GALACTIC GLOBULAR AND OPEN CLUSTERS
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“While surveys like the SDSS (see Alam et al. 2015) do provide a much broader view of the halo (see e.g. Carollo et al. 2007, 2010), large swathes of the sky are still missing, leaving portions of the inner Galaxy unmapped.”
Background
- Authors
- Carollo, D., Beers, T. C., Lee, Y. S., Chiba, M., Norris, J. E., Wilhelm, R., Sivarani, T., Marsteller, B., Munn, J. A., Bailer-Jones, C. A. L., Fiorentin, P. R., & York, D. G.
- Affiliations
- Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino (IT)
- Joint Institute for Nuclear Astrophysics (US)
- Tohoku University (JP)
- Australian National University (AU)
- Texas Tech University (US)
- United States Naval Observatory (US)
- University of Ljubljana (SI)
- University of Chicago (US)
- Corresponding author
- Carollo, Daniela
- ORCID
- Venue
- Nature
- Published
- 2007-12-13
- Volume
- 450
- Issue
- 7172
- Pages
- 1020-1025
- ISSN
- 0028-0836 (ISSN-L)
- 1476-4687
- OpenAlex
- W2088048947
- Cited by
- 626
- References
- 70
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 32 · 2020: 37 · 2019: 40 · 2018: 43 · 2017: 29 · 2016: 48 · 2015: 32 · 2014: 30 · 2013: 34 · 2012: 46
- FWCI
- 30.32
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- erratum (2008-01-10)
- Open access
- green
- arxiv.org
- Locations
- Nature (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- ANU Open Research (Australian National University) (submittedVersion)
- Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) (submittedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Astrophysics and Star Formation Studies
- Keywords
- Galactic halo, inner halo, outer halo, stellar metallicity, stellar rotation, stellar orbits, dissipationless mergers, tidal disruption, galaxy formation, stellar populations
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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