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In Disguise or Out of Reach: First Clues about In Situ and Accreted Stars in the Stellar Halo of the Milky Way from Gaia DR2
Open accessAbstract
We investigate the nature of the double color–magnitude sequence observed in the Gaia DR2 HR diagram of stars with high transverse velocities. The stars in the reddest-color sequence are likely dominated by the dynamically hot tail of the thick disk population. Information from Nissen & Schuster and from the APOGEE survey suggests that stars in the blue-color sequence have elemental abundance patterns that can be explained by this population having a relatively low star formation efficiency during its formation. In dynamical and orbital spaces, such as the “Toomre diagram,” the two sequences show a significant overlap, but with a tendency for stars on the blue-color sequence to dominate regions with no or retrograde rotation and high total orbital energy. In the plane defined by the maximal vertical excursion of the orbits versus their apocenters, stars of both sequences redistribute into discrete wedges. We conclude that stars that are typically assigned to the halo in the solar vicinity are actually both accreted stars lying along the blue sequence in the HR diagram, and the low rotational velocity tail of the old Galactic disk, possibly dynamically heated by past accretion events. Our results imply that a halo population formed in situ and responsible for the early chemical enrichment prior to the formation of the thick disk has yet to be robustly identified, and that what has been defined as the stars of the in situ stellar halo of the Galaxy may in fact be fossil records of its last significant merger.
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“The other very important contributor in the vicinity of the Sun to stars on halo-like orbits is the (tail of the) Milky Way thick disk (Gaia Collab. et al. 2018a, Haywood et al. 2018, Koppelman et al. 2018), as can be seen Figure 2a.”
From Streams, Substructures, and the Early History of the Milky Way (2020) · cites this paper as Haywood et al. 2018
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“However, the second sequence is populated by stars that, kinematically, are clearly part of the tail of the thick disk seen in Figure 5b (Di Matteo et al. 2019, Haywood et al. 2018).”
From Streams, Substructures, and the Early History of the Milky Way (2020) · cites this paper as Haywood et al. 2018
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Kordopatis, G., Schultheis, M., McMillan, P. J., Palicio, P. A., de Laverny, P., Recio-Blanco, A., Creevey, O. L., Álvarez, M. A., Andrae, R., Poggio, E., et al. (2022) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202244283 · Cited by 58
Venn, K. A., Kielty, C., Sestito, F., Starkenburg, E., Martin, N. F., Aguado, D. S., Arentsen, A., Bonifacio, P., Caffau, E., Hill, V., et al. (2019) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stz3546 · Cited by 62
Merger-induced galaxy transformations in the artemis simulations
Dillamore, A. M., Belokurov, V. A., Font, A. S., & McCarthy, I. G. (2022) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stac1038 · Cited by 57
Amarante, J. A. S., Silva, L. B. E., Debattista, V. P., & Smith, M. C. (2020) · The Astrophysical Journal Letters · doi:10.3847/2041-8213/ab78a4 · Cited by 56
Chasing the impact of the Gaia-Sausage-Enceladus merger on the formation of the Milky Way thick disc
Ciucă, I., Kawata, D., Ting, Y.-S., Grand, R. J. J., Miglio, A., Hayden, M., Baba, J., Fragkoudi, F., Monty, S., Buder, S., et al. (2023) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society Letters · doi:10.1093/mnrasl/slad033 · Cited by 54
McCluskey, F., Wetzel, A. R., Loebman, S., Moreno, J., Faucher‐Giguère, C., & Hopkins, P. F. (2023) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stad3547 · Cited by 53
Bird, S., Xue, X.-X., Liu, C., Shen, J., Flynn, C., Yang, C., Zhao, G., & Tian, H.-J. (2021) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/abfa9e · Cited by 53
Whitten, D. D., Placco, V. M., Beers, T. C., An, D., Lee, Y. S., Almeida-Fernandes, F., Herpich, F. R., Daflon, S., Barbosa, C. E., Perottoni, H. D., et al. (2021) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/abee7e · Cited by 55
The tale of the tail – disentangling the high transverse velocity stars in Gaia DR2
Amarante, J. A. S., Smith, M. C., & Boeche, C. (2020) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staa077 · Cited by 52
Bonifacio, P., Monaco, L., Salvadori, S., Caffau, E., Spite, M., Sbordone, L., Spite, F., Ludwig, H. ‐., Matteo, P. D., Haywood, M., et al. (2021) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202140816 · Cited by 51
Self-citationThe kinematic properties of Milky Way stellar halo populations
Lane, J., Bovy, J., & Mackereth, J. T. (2021) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stab3755 · Cited by 50
The K2 Galactic Archaeology Program Data Release 3: Age-abundance Patterns in C1–C8 and C10–C18
Zinn, J., Stello, D., Elsworth, Y., García, R. A., Kallinger, T., Mathur, S., Mosser, B., Hon, M., Bugnet, L., Jones, C. D., et al. (2022) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac2c83 · Cited by 48
Substructure in the stellar halo near the Sun
Ruiz-Lara, T., Matsuno, T., Lövdal, S., Helmi, A., Dodd, E., & Koppelman, H. H. (2022) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202243061 · Cited by 49
The Three-phase Evolution of the Milky Way
Chandra, V., Semenov, V. A., Rix, H., Conroy, C., Bonaca, A., Naidu, R. P., Andrae, R., Li, J., & Hernquist, L. (2024) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ad5b60 · Cited by 67
Evidence for Galactic disc RR Lyrae stars in the solar neighbourhood
Prudil, Z., Dékány, I., Grebel, E. K., & Kunder, A. (2020) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staa046 · Cited by 48
Александрович, Х. С., Zinchenko, I. A., Avramov, B., Khrapov, S. S., Berczik, P., Saburova, A. S., Ishchenko, M., Khoperskov, A. V., Pulsoni, C., Venichenko, Y. A., et al. (2020) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staa3330 · Cited by 45
Pagnini, G., Matteo, P. D., Александрович, Х. С., Mastrobuono-Battisti, A., Haywood, M., Renaud, F., & Combes, F. (2023) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202245128 · Cited by 44
Self-citationThe stellar mass of the Gaia -Sausage/Enceladus accretion remnant
Lane, J., Bovy, J., & Mackereth, J. T. (2023) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stad2834 · Cited by 54
Dynamically Tagged Groups of Very Metal-poor Halo Stars from the HK and Hamburg/ESO Surveys
Limberg, G., Rossi, S., Beers, T. C., Perottoni, H. D., Pérez-Villegas, Á., Santucci, R. M., Abuchaim, Y., Placco, V. M., Lee, Y. S., Christlieb, N., et al. (2021) · DSpace@MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) · Cited by 44
Martin, N. F., Ibata, R., Starkenburg, E., Yuan, Z., Malhan, K., Bellazzini, M., Viswanathan, A., Aguado, D. S., Arentsen, A., Bonifacio, P., et al. (2022) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stac2426 · Cited by 44
Energy wrinkles and phase-space folds of the last major merger
Belokurov, V. A., Vasiliev, E., Deason, A. J., Koposov, S. E., Fattahi, A., Dillamore, A. M., Davies, E. Y., & Grand, R. J. J. (2022) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stac3436 · Cited by 44
Chronology of our Galaxy from Gaia colour–magnitude diagram fitting (ChronoGal)
Gallart, C., Surot, F., Cassisi, S., Fernández-Alvar, E., Mirabal, D., Rivero, A., Ruiz-Lara, T., Santos-Torres, J., Aznar-Menargues, G., Battaglia, G., et al. (2024) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202349078 · Cited by 56
Turbulent Gas-rich Disks at High Redshift: Bars and Bulges in a Radial Shear Flow
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Bird, S., Xue, X.-X., Liu, C., Flynn, C., Shen, J., Wang, J., Yang, C., Zhai, M., Ling, Z., Zhao, G., et al. (2022) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stac2036 · Cited by 49
Escala, I., Gilbert, K. M., Kirby, E. N., Wojno, J., Cunningham, E. C., & Guhathakurta, P. (2020) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab6659 · Cited by 43
High-precision chemical abundances of Galactic building blocks
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Fernandes, L., Mason, A. C., Horta, D., Schiavon, R. P., Hayes, C. R., Hasselquist, S., Feuillet, D. K., Beaton, R. L., Jönsson, H., Kisku, S. S., et al. (2022) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stac3543 · Cited by 41
Guiglion, G., Nepal, S., Chiappini, C., Александрович, Х. С., Traven, G., Queiroz, A. B. A., Steinmetz, M., Valentini, M., Fournier, Y., Vallenari, A., et al. (2023) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202347122 · Cited by 41
Pfeffer, J., Trujillo-Gomez, S., Kruijssen, J. M. D., Crain, R. A., Hughes, M. E., Reina-Campos, M., & Bastian, N. (2020) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/staa3109 · Cited by 41
The Stellar Velocity Distribution Function in the Milky Way Galaxy
Anguiano, B., Majewski, S. R., Hayes, C. R., Prieto, C. A., Cheng, X., Bidin, C. M., Beaton, R. L., Beers, T. C., & Minniti, D. (2020) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ab9813 · Cited by 48
Dynamically Tagged Groups of Metal-poor Stars from the Best and Brightest Survey
Shank, D., Beers, T. C., Placco, V. M., Limberg, G., Jaques, E., Yuan, Z., Schlaufman, K. C., Casey, A. R., Huang, Y., Lee, Y. S., et al. (2022) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ac409a · Cited by 39
Mass of the dynamically hot inner stellar halo predicts the ancient accreted stellar mass
Ling, Z., Pillepich, A., van de Ven, G., Leaman, R., Hernquist, L., Nelson, D., Pakmor, R., Vogelsberger, M., & Zhang, L. (2022) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202142496 · Cited by 38
Metadata
- Authors
- Haywood, M., Di Matteo, P., Lehnert, M. D., Snaith, O., Khoperskov, S., & Gómez, A.
- Affiliations
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
- Korea Institute for Advanced Study (KR)
- Corresponding author
- Haywood, M.
- Gómez, A.
- Venue
- The Astrophysical Journal
- Publisher
- American Astronomical Society
- Published
- 2018-08-16
- Volume
- 863
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 113
- ISSN
- 0004-637X (ISSN-L)
- 1538-4357
- OpenAlex
- W2802061397
- Cited by
- 360
- References
- 32
- Citations by year
- 2026: 26 · 2025: 54 · 2024: 49 · 2023: 46 · 2022: 42 · 2021: 55 · 2020: 46 · 2019: 33 · 2018: 9
- FWCI
- 19.29
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- arxiv.org
- Licence
- Locations
- The Astrophysical Journal (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- HAL (submittedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Funders
- Agence Nationale de la Recherche (ANR-15-CE31-0007)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Galaxies: Formation, Evolution, Phenomena
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Astrophysics and Star Formation Studies
- Keywords
- Milky Way stellar halo, thick disk, retrograde rotation, orbital energies, chemical enrichment, Gaia DR2, APOGEE
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