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Trigonometric Parallaxes of High-mass Star-forming Regions: Our View of the Milky Way
Open accessAbstract
We compile and analyze approximately 200 trigonometric parallaxes and proper motions of molecular masers associated with very young high-mass stars. Most of the measurements come from the BeSSeL Survey using the VLBA and the Japanese VERA project. These measurements strongly suggest that the Milky Way is a four-arm spiral, with some extra arm segments and spurs. Fitting log-periodic spirals to the locations of the masers, allowing for “kinks” in the spirals and using well-established arm tangencies in the fourth Galactic quadrant, allows us to significantly expand our view of the structure of the Milky Way. We present an updated model for its spiral structure and incorporate it into our previously published parallax-based distance-estimation program for sources associated with spiral arms. Modeling the three-dimensional space motions yields estimates of the distance to the Galactic center, , the circular rotation speed at the Sun's position, km s −1 , and the nature of the rotation curve. Our data strongly constrain the full circular velocity of the Sun, km s −1 , and its angular velocity, km s −1 kpc –1 . Transforming the measured space motions to a Galactocentric frame which rotates with the Galaxy, we find non-circular velocity components typically ≲10 km s −1 . However, near the Galactic bar and in a portion of the Perseus arm we find significantly larger non-circular motions. Young high-mass stars within 7 kpc of the Galactic center have a scale height of only 19 pc, and thus are well suited to define the Galactic plane. We find that the orientation of the plane is consistent with the IAU-defined plane to within ±0.°1, and that the Sun is offset toward the north Galactic pole by pc. Accounting for this offset places the central supermassive black hole, Sgr A*, in the midplane of the Galaxy. The measured motions perpendicular to the plane of the Galaxy limit precession of the plane to ≲4 km s −1 at the radius of the Sun. Using our improved Galactic parameters, we predict the Hulse–Taylor binary pulsar to be at a distance of 6.54 ± 0.24 kpc, assuming its orbital decay from gravitational radiation follows general relativity.
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“Reid et al. ( 2019 ) report a distance of D = 8.15 ± 0.15 ( at 1 σ probability ) to the Galactic center, measured using trigonometric VLBI parallaxes of a large number ( ∼ 200 ) of masers.”
From First Sagittarius A* Event Horizon Telescope Results. IV. Variability, Morphology, and Black Hole Mass (2022) · cites this paper as Reid et al. (2019)
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“Using this distance measurement along with our measurement of θ g from Section 8.3.2 yields a constraint on the mass of Sgr A * of M = ´ -+ 4.0 10 0.6 1.1 6 M e , where we again quote 1 σ uncertainties and the systematic component is taken to be the weighted standard deviation across methods.”
From First Sagittarius A* Event Horizon Telescope Results. IV. Variability, Morphology, and Black Hole Mass (2022) · cites this paper as Reid et al. (2019)
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CHARACTERISTICS OF SPIRAL ARMS IN LATE-TYPE GALAXIES
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Self-citationTHE DISTANCE TO A STAR-FORMING REGION IN THE OUTER ARM OF THE GALAXY
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Self-citationAstrometry of Galactic Star-Forming Region ON 2 N with VERA: Estimation of the Galactic Constants
Ando, K., Nagayama, T., Omodaka, T., Handa, T., Imai, H., Nakagawa, A., Nakanishi, H., Honma, M., Kobayashi, H., & Miyaji, T. (2011) · Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan · doi:10.1093/pasj/63.1.45 · Cited by 54
UBV starcounts in SA54 and global structure of the Galaxy
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The nature of the methanol maser ring G23.657-00.127
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Self-citationOuter Rotation Curve of the Galaxy with VERA I: Trigonometric Parallax of IRAS 05168+3634
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Self-citationTracing the Spiral Structure of the Outer Milky Way with Dense Atomic Hydrogen Gas
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吴, Y. W. 元. W., Reid, M. J., 坂, N. 井. S., Dame, T. M., Menten, K. M., Brunthaler, A., 徐, Y. 烨. X., 李, J. J. 晶. L., 胡, B. 波. H., 张, B. 波. Z., et al. (2019) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab001a · Cited by 42
Self-citationThe distance and size of the red hypergiant NML Cygni from VLBA and VLA astrometry
Zhang, B., Reid, M. J., Menten, K. M., Zheng, X., & Brunthaler, A. (2012) · Astronomy and Astrophysics · doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201219587 · Cited by 40
Self-citationTRIGONOMETRIC PARALLAXES OF MASSIVE STAR-FORMING REGIONS. IX. THE OUTER ARM IN THE FIRST QUADRANT
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Self-citationInterstellar extinction and galactic structure
Pandey, A. K., & Mahra, H. S. (1987) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/226.3.635 · Cited by 39
Krishnan, V., Ellingsen, S. P., Reid, M. J., Brunthaler, A., Sanna, A., McCallum, J., Reynolds, C., Bignall, H., Phillips, C. J., Dodson, R., et al. (2015) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/805/2/129 · Cited by 38
Self-citationAstrometry of H2O Masers in the Massive Star-Forming Region IRAS 06061+2151 with VERA
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A PRECISE DISTANCE TO IRAS 00420+5530 VIA H2O MASER PARALLAX WITH THE VLBA
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Optical Observations of Galactic and Extragalactic Light: Implications for Galactic Structure
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A Galactic Plane Defined by the Milky Way H ii Region Distribution
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Nagayama, T., Omodaka, T., Nakagawa, A., Handa, T., Honma, M., Kobayashi, H., Kawaguchi, N., & Miyaji, T. (2011) · Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan · doi:10.1093/pasj/63.1.23 · Cited by 35
Sakai, N., Nakanishi, H., Matsuo, M., Koide, N., Tezuka, D., Kurayama, T., Shibata, K. M., Ueno, Y., & Honma, M. (2015) · Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan · doi:10.1093/pasj/psv049 · Cited by 33
Self-citationKusuno, K., Asaki, Y., Imai, H., & Oyama, T. (2013) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.1088/0004-637x/774/2/107 · Cited by 31
Unveiling the gas kinematics at 10 AU scales in high-mass star-forming regions
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Self-citationParallaxes of 6.7-GHz methanol masers towards the G 305.2 high-mass star formation region
Krishnan, V., Ellingsen, S. P., Reid, M. J., Bignall, H., McCallum, J. L., Phillips, C. J., Reynolds, C., & Stevens, J. (2016) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stw2850 · Cited by 28
Self-citationThe Sun's Displacement from the Galactic Plane: Limits from the Distribution of OB-Star Latitudes
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Parallaxes for Star-forming Regions in the Inner Perseus Spiral Arm
Zhang, B., Reid, M. J., Zhang, L., Wu, Y., Hu, B., Sakai, N., Menten, K. M., Zheng, X., Brunthaler, A., Dame, T. M., et al. (2019) · The Astronomical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ab141d · Cited by 26
Self-citationNeutral Hydrogen in the Sagittarius and Scutum Spiral Arms
Burton, W. B., & Shane, W. W. (1970) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-010-3275-9_74 · Cited by 25
Astrometry of the Star-Forming Region IRAS 05137+3919 in the Far Outer Galaxy
Honma, M., Hirota, T., Kan-ya, Y., Kawaguchi, N., Kobayashi, H., Kurayama, T., & Sato, K. (2011) · Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan · doi:10.1093/pasj/63.1.17 · Cited by 23
UBV star-count data in the region of the North Galactic Pole
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Astrometry and expanding bubble of a deeply embedded young stellar object in M17
Chibueze, J. O., Kamezaki, T., Omodaka, T., Handa, T., Nagayama, T., Baba, T., Sunada, K., Shizugami, M., Burns, R. A., Honma, M., et al. (2016) · Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society · doi:10.1093/mnras/stw1019 · Cited by 23
VLBA DETERMINATION OF THE DISTANCE TO NEARBY STAR-FORMING REGIONS. VII. MONOCEROS R2
Dzib, S. A., Ortiz-León, G. N., Loinard, L., Mioduszewski, A. J., Rodríguez, L. F., Torres, R. M., & Deller, A. T. (2016) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/0004-637x/826/2/201 · Cited by 22
Noncircular Motions in the Outer Perseus Spiral Arm
Sakai, N., Reid, M. J., Menten, K. M., Brunthaler, A., & Dame, T. M. (2019) · The Astrophysical Journal · doi:10.3847/1538-4357/ab12e0 · Cited by 22
Self-citationH2O Maser Motions and the Distance of the Star-Forming Region G 192.16−3.84
Shiozaki, S., Imai, H., Tafoya, D., Omodaka, T., Hirota, T., Honma, M., Matsui, M., & Ueno, Y. (2011) · Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan · doi:10.1093/pasj/63.6.1219 · Cited by 21
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Trigonometric distance and proper motions of H 2 O maser bowshocks in AFGL 5142
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The Parallax of the Red Hypergiant VX Sgr with Accurate Tropospheric Delay Calibration
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DISTANCE AND PROPER MOTION MEASUREMENT OF WATER MASERS IN SHARPLESS 269 IRS 2w
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Resolving the distance controversy for Sharpless 269
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Self-citationBurns, R. A., Yamaguchi, Y., Handa, T., Omodaka, T., Nagayama, T., Nakagawa, A., Hayashi, M., Kamezaki, T., Chibueze, J. O., Shizugami, M., et al. (2014) · Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan · doi:10.1093/pasj/psu094 · Cited by 13
Simulated Galactic methanol maser distribution to constrain Milky Way parameters
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Self-citationAstrometry of Galactic star-forming region IRAS 20126+4104 with VERA
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The far distance to G7.47+0.06 from proper motion measurement of H2O masers
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Cited by
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First Sagittarius A* Event Horizon Telescope Results. VI. Testing the Black Hole Metric
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Painting a portrait of the Galactic disc with its stellar clusters
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“…in the source and the broad morphological diversity of the GRMHD calibration suite that reflects the a priori unknown inclination of Sgr A*. Combining our θg constraint with an independent distance measurement from Reid et al. (2019), we determine the mass of Sgr A* to be M= ´- +4.0 100.6 1.1 6 Me.”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Metadata
- Authors
- Reid, M. J., Menten, K. M., Brunthaler, A., Zheng, X. W., Dame, T. M., Xu, Y., Li, J., Sakai, N., Wu, Y., Immer, K., Zhang, B., Sanna, A., Moscadelli, L., Rygl, K. L. J., Bartkiewicz, A., Hu, B., Quiroga-Nuñez, L. H., & van Langevelde, H. J.
- Affiliations
- Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian (US)
- Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy (DE)
- Nanjing University (CN)
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CN)
- Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute (KR)
- Joint Institute for VLBI ERIC (NL)
- Shanghai Astronomical Observatory (CN)
- Arcetri Astrophysical Observatory (IT)
- Istituto di Radioastronomia di Bologna (IT)
- Nicolaus Copernicus University (PL)
- Leiden University (NL)
- Venue
- The Astrophysical Journal
- Publisher
- American Astronomical Society
- Published
- 2019-11-07
- Volume
- 885
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 131
- ISSN
- 0004-637X (ISSN-L)
- 1538-4357
- OpenAlex
- W2986551855
- Cited by
- 760
- References
- 122
- Citations by year
- 2026: 90 · 2025: 152 · 2024: 116 · 2023: 108 · 2022: 118 · 2021: 100 · 2020: 73 · 2019: 3
- FWCI
- 39.58
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- The Astrophysical Journal (publishedVersion)
- arXiv (Cornell University) (submittedVersion)
- Leiden Repository (Leiden University) (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- arXiv (Cornell University)
- Funders
- European Commission (247078, 731016)
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (11933011, 2017YFA0402701, 11873019, 11673066)
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Stellar, planetary, and galactic studies
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Astrophysics and Star Formation Studies
- Physical Sciences › Physics and Astronomy › Astronomy and Astrophysics › Astrophysical Phenomena and Observations
- Keywords
- stellar parallax, molecular masers, massive star formation, Milky Way spiral structure, galactocentric distance, galaxy rotation curves, proper motions, galactic bars, Sgr A*, Hulse-Taylor binary pulsar
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