RuP Nanoparticles Anchored on N-doped Graphene Aerogels for Hydrazine Oxidation-Boosted Hydrogen Production
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- Interpretationreasoning
RuP has better electrocatalytic activity for hydrogen evolution than Ru.
“Thus, RuP exhibits outstanding electrocatalytic activity for the HER than Ru 14,27 .”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 2 sources checked- cites [14] 14. Hu, Q.; Gao, K.; Wang, X.; Zheng, H. J.; Cao, J. G.; Mi, L. R.; Huo, Q. H.; Yang, H. P.; Liu, J. H.; He, C. X. Nat. Commun. 2022, 13, 3958. doi: 10.1038/s41467-022-31660-2 source
The Results compare Ru clusters of different sizes for HER activity, but do not compare ruthenium phosphide (RuP) with Ru. Searches for “RuP” and “ruthenium phosphide” found no passage addressing the claimed comparison. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [27] 27. Cui, S. F.; Wu, W.; Liu, C.; Wang, Y.; Chen, Q. M.; Liu, X. R. Nanoscale 2021, 13, 18247. doi: 10.1039/D1NR04075H source
- Findingown data
A two-electrode hydrazine split system using RuP/N-GA as a bifunctional electrocatalyst has a cell voltage of 41 mV at 10 mA cm-2 for hydrogen production.
“the constructed two-electrode hydrazine split system exhibits an extremely low cell voltage of 41 mV at 10 mA•cm -2 for the hydrogen production”
- Also stated in: § 1 Introduction · plain
“Importantly, at 10 mA•cm -2 , the overall hydrazine-splitting electrolyzer utilizing the RuP/N-GA as a bifunctional electrocatalyst achieves a significantly low voltage (41 mV).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § 1 Introduction · plain
- Findingown data
Decomposition of polyethyleneimine introduces abundant nitrogen heteroatoms into the graphene aerogel structure.
“The decomposition of PEI introduces abundant nitrogen heteroatoms into the GA structure (Fig. 1a).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Density functional theory calculations confirm that nitrogen doping in graphene aerogel plays a significant role in the synergistic effect of ruthenium sites on hydrazine oxidation.
“Density functional theory (DFT) calculations confirmed that N doping in GA plays a significant role in the synergistic effect of the Ru sites on HzOR.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
UV-Vis spectroscopy shows a broad peak at about 387 nm for the RuIII-PEI sample compared with RuCl3, indicating formation of the RuIII-PEI complex.
“Compared with RuCl3, there is an obvious broad peak at approximately 387 nm, indicating the presence of the Ru III -PEI complex.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
- Findingown data
The graphene oxide precursor is successfully reduced by ascorbic acid.
“Obviously, GO precursor is successfully reduced by ascorbic acid (AA).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Elemental mapping shows uniform distribution of ruthenium, phosphorus, carbon, and nitrogen in RuP/N-GA, indicating RuP nanoparticles and nitrogen-doped graphene aerogel.
“The uniform distribution of Ru, P, C, and N in RuP/N-GA indicated the presence of RuP nanoparticles and N-doped GA (Fig. 2f).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
RuP/N-GA has a working potential of 27 mV for hydrazine oxidation at 30 mA cm-2.
“As the result, RuP/N-GA exhibits excellent electrocatalytic activities with a low working potential of -19.6 mV for HER (at 10 mA•cm -2 ) and 27 mV for HzOR (at 30 mA•cm -2 ).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The overall XPS spectrum shows that ruthenium, phosphorus, carbon, and nitrogen are present in RuP/N-GA, consistent with EDX results.
“The overall XPS spectrum shows that Ru, P, C, and N are present in the structure of the RuP/N-GA sample (Fig. 3a), which is consistent with the EDX results.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
SAED images show extremely weak diffraction rings from RuP nanoparticles, indicating low crystallinity.
“The selected-area electron diffraction (SAED) images show extremely weak diffraction rings of the RuP nanoparticles, which also illustrate the low crystallinity of the nanoparticles (Fig. 2e).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
The free energy of hydrazine molecular adsorption on RuP/N-GA is -0.68 eV.
“The free energy of hydrazine molecular adsorption on RuP/N-GA was -0.68 eV”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Formation of C-N bonds shows that nitrogen heteroatoms were successfully doped into the graphene aerogel structure.
“The formation of C-N bonds revealed that N heteroatoms were successfully doped into the GA structure.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
RuP/N-GA hybrids achieve efficient hydrazine oxidation with a low working potential of -54 mV at 10 mA cm-2.
“As a result, RuP/N-GA hybrids achieve efficient HzOR with a low working potential of -54 mV at 10 mA•cm -2 .”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
SEM imaging shows that RuP/N-GA has a three-dimensional porous framework structure.
“The SEM image shows the 3D porous framework structure of RuP/N-GA.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
HRTEM shows crystal spacings of approximately 0.251, 0.267, and 0.276 nm, corresponding to the (111), (102), and (200) planes of RuP.
“the nanoparticles are approximately 0.251, 0.267, and 0.276 nm (Fig. 2d), corresponding to the (111), (102), and (200) planes of RuP (JCPDS No. 64-8015), respectively.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
XRD patterns of RuP/N-GA show a broad diffraction peak at 2θ = 26.8° assigned to graphitic structure.
“Both X-ray powder diffractometer (XRD) patterns of RuP/N-GA show a wide diffraction peak at 2θ = 26.8°(Fig. 1b) attributed to the graphitic structure.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
RuP/N-GA hybrids with low ruthenium loading show promising hydrogen evolution activity with an overpotential of -19.6 mV at 10 mA cm-2.
“Moreover, the novel RuP/N-GA hybrids with low Ru loading also exhibit a promising hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) activity with an overpotential of -19.6 mV at 10 mA•cm -2 .”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
After 5000 cycles, the LSV curve of RuP/N-GA-900 shifts by 10.5 mV at 10 mA cm−2.
“The LSV curve after 5000 cycles displays a 10.5 mV increase shift to the first LSV curve on RuP/N-GA-900 at 10 mA•cm -2 (Fig. S12).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Increasing the pyrolysis temperature to 1000 or 1100 °C causes severe agglomeration of RuP.
“On the other hand, increasing the temperature to 1000 or 1100 °C can lead to severe agglomeration of RuP (Fig. S11).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Raman spectra confirm that RuP/N-GA-900 has more defects than RuP/N-GA-700 and RuP/N-GA-800.
“Therefore, the enriched defects of RuP/N-GA-900, rather than those of RuP/N-GA-700 and RuP/N-GA-800, can be confirmed by the Raman spectra (Fig. S10).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The chronoamperometry curve of RuP/N-GA-900 shows only a slightly decreased current after 10 h of electrocatalysis.
“Similarly, the chronoamperometry curve only displays a slightly decreased current after 10 h of electrocatalysis (Fig. 4d).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The electron distribution of both RuP/N-GA and RuP/GA slabs is continuous near the Fermi level.
“The electron distribution of both slabs was continuous near the Fermi level”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The DFT slab models used for RuP/N-GA and RuP/GA represent the real catalyst structures and reaction conditions.
- Rests on an assumption: The DFT-calculated free-energy profile and rate-determining step reflect the actual HzOR mechanism on RuP/N-GA.
- Findingown data
The pore volume of RuP/N-GA is 611.9 cm3 g-1 at a partial pressure p/p0 of 1.
“The pore volume of the sample is measured at 611.9 cm 3 •g -1 at a partial pressure (p/p0) of 1, reflected from the pore-size distribution diagram (Fig. S6b).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The LSV curve for RuP/N-GA in nitrogen-saturated 1 M KOH shows better hydrogen evolution activity than commercial Pt/C.
“The LSV curve on RuP/N-GA is measured in the N2-saturated 1 mol•L -1 KOH electrolyte, which displays a better HER activity than the commercial Pt/C (Fig. 4a).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
RuP/N-GA exhibits excellent HzOR electrocatalytic activity, requiring only -54 mV for 10 mA cm−2.
“Additionally, RuP/N-GA exhibits an excellent HzOR electrocatalytic activity, which only requires a very low potential (-54 mV) for 10 mA•cm -2 .”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
For both slabs, the dehydrogenation of *N2H2 to *N2H is the rate-determining step.
“In the dehydrogenation steps, for both slabs, the dehydrogenation of *N2H2 to *N2H is the ratedetermining step (RDS).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The DFT slab models used for RuP/N-GA and RuP/GA represent the real catalyst structures and reaction conditions.
- Rests on an assumption: The DFT-calculated free-energy profile and rate-determining step reflect the actual HzOR mechanism on RuP/N-GA.
- Findingown data
RuP/N-GA-900 maintains a stable current density for 5 h in chronoamperometry.
“In the chronoamperometry curves, RuP/N-GA-900 maintains a stable current density for 5 h (Fig. 5c)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Commercial Pt/C has a hydrogen evolution overpotential of 26.6 mV at 10 mA cm-2.
“The overpotential is 19.6 and 26.6 mV at 10 mA•cm -2 for RuP/N-GA-900 and commercial Pt/C, respectively.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingreasoning
RuP/N-GA-1000 and RuP/N-GA-1100 have lower HER activities than RuP/N-GA-900.
“As a result, RuP/N-GA-1000 and RuP/N-GA-1100 showed lower HER activities.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
RuP/N-GA-900 has the smallest Tafel slope (37.03 mV dec−1) among RuP/N-GA-700, RuP/N-GA-800, RuP/N-GA-1000, RuP/N-GA-1100, and commercial Pt/C.
“The Tafel plot of RuP/N-GA-900 reveals the smallest value of 37.03 mV•dec -1 , which is considerably lower than that of RuP/N-GA-700 (73.28 mV•dec -1 ), RuP/N-GA-800 (66.09 mV•dec -1 ), RuP/N-GA-1000 (104.56 mV•dec -1 ), RuP/N-GA-1100 (107.24mV•dec -1 ), and even commercial Pt/C (48.59 mV•dec -1 ).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Among the RuP/N-GA-X samples, RuP/N-GA-900 shows the best HER electrocatalytic behavior.
“The LSV curves show that the RuP/N-GA-900 sample exhibits the best electrocatalytic behavior for the HER (Fig. 4a and S9).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Commercial Pt/C shows an approximately 16.5 mV shift after 5000 cycles.
“In contrast, the commercial Pt/C catalyst shows an approximate 16.5 mV shift between the first and 5000 th cycle”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
GA and N-GA show hardly any hydrogen evolution performance.
“Hardly any HER performance was observed for the GA and N-GA.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingcitation
The P 2p XPS spectrum has peaks at 130.0, 132.6, and 133.6 eV identified as metal phosphide RuP, P-C, and P-O bonds, respectively.
“The P 2p XPS spectrum exhibits several characteristic peaks at 130.0, 132.6, and 133.6 eV 15 (Fig. 3d), which were identified as the metal phosphide (RuP), P-C, and P-O bonds, respectively.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [15] 15. Li, C.; Jang, H.; Kim, M. G.; Hou, L.; Liu, X.; Cho, J. Appl. Catal. B 2022, 307, 121204. doi: 10.1016/j.apcatb.2022.121204 source
- Findingown data
After 5000 CV cycles, RuP does not significantly aggregate.
“After 5000 CV cycles, RuP does not significantly aggregate (Fig. S13).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingreasoning
The presence of a P-C bond implies that some phosphorus heteroatoms were doped into the graphene aerogel structure.
“In particular, the presence of the P-C bond implies that some P heteroatoms were doped into the structure of GA.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
The OHzS system with RuP/N-GA-900 achieves a voltage of 41 mV at 10 mA cm−2.
“Fortunately, the OHzS system with RuP/N-GA-900 can achieve a very low voltage of 41 mV at 10 mA•cm -2 .”
- Also stated in: § 4 Conclusions · plain
“Impressively, the OHzS system utilizing the RuP/N-GA-900 as a bifunctional electrocatalyst achieves a very low voltage of 41 mV at 10 mA•cm -2 .”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § 4 Conclusions · plain
- Findingown data
TEM after a 10-h chronoamperometry test confirms uniform dispersion of RuP nanoparticles in RuP/N-GA-900.
“The TEM image of RuP/N-GA-900 after a 10-h chronoamperometry test confirms the uniform dispersion of the RuP nanoparticles (Fig. S14).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Increasing N2H4 concentration from 0.1 to 0.4 M increases the current density of hydrazine oxidation.
“A larger concentration of N2H4 (0.1-0.4 mol•L -1 ) can lead to an increased current density of hydrazine oxidation (Fig. 5b).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
The OHzS system based on commercial Pt/C requires 202.0 mV to drive H2 production.
“In contrast, the OHzS system based on the commercial Pt/C electrocatalyst requires 202.0 mV to drive H2 production (Fig. 5d).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
No obvious adsorption isotherm plateau under saturated vapor pressure indicates that the pore-like structure of the graphene aerogel mainly consists of narrow wedge-shaped pores.
“In addition, no obvious adsorption isotherm plateau was observed under saturated vapor pressure, indicating that the pore-like structure exhibited by the GA mainly consists of narrow wedgeshaped pores.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
RuP/N-GA-900 has the best HzOR performance, with potentials of -54 mV at 10 mA cm−2 and 24 mV at 50 mA cm−2.
“In particular, the RuP/N-GA-900 has the best HzOR performance with a potential of -54 and 24 mV at 10 and 50 mA•cm -2 , respectively.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
All RuP/N-GA-X catalysts have obvious electrochemical activities toward HzOR.
“The LSV curves show that all the RuP/N-GA-X catalysts have obvious electrochemical activities toward the HzOR.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
At 0.5 M N2H4, the LSV curve shows a similar catalytic current to that at 0.4 M N2H4.
“After the hydrazine concentration reaches 0.5 mol•L -1 , the LSV curve keeps a similar catalytic current as that of 0.4 mol•L -1 N2H4.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
RuP/N-GA exhibits better HER performance with a low overpotential (19.6 mV) than commercial Pt/C.
“As a result, RuP/N-GA exhibits better performance with a low overpotential (19.6 mV) for the HER than a commercial Pt/C catalyst.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Efficient hydrogen production can be achieved at low cell voltage in overall hydrazine splitting when hydrogen evolution and hydrazine oxidation are the electrode reactions.
“Thus, highly efficient H2 production can be achieved with a low cell voltage in the overall hydrazine splitting using the HER and HzOR as electrode reactions.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The hydrazine oxidation reaction has a low theoretical potential of -0.33 V versus RHE, making it a suitable anodic replacement for the oxygen evolution reaction.
- Interpretationown data
Ultrasmall RuP nanoparticles can be one factor contributing to high electrochemical activity in bifunctional electrocatalysis.
“Such ultrasmall RuP nanoparticles can be one of the factors of the high electrochemical activity for bifunctional electrocatalysis (Fig. S3).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Electrocatalysts containing nitrogen heteroatoms have great potential to catalyze hydrazine oxidation.
“Interestingly, electrocatalysts with N heteroatoms also exhibit great potential to catalyze the HzOR 21,22 .”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [21] 21. Li, Y.; Luo, Y.; Zhang, Z. Q.; Yu, Li, C. Zhang, Q.; Zheng, Z.; Liu, H. K.; Liu, B. L.; Dou, S. X. Carbon 2021, 183, 362. doi: 10.1016/j.carbon.2021.07.039 source
- cites [22] 22. Chen, Y. J.; Li, J.; Wang, N.; Zhou, Y. N.; Zheng, J.; Chu, W. J. Energy Chem. 2022, 448, 137611. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2022.137611 source
- Rests on an assumption: Nitrogen heteroatoms generally synergize with metal sites and increase hydrophilicity, which improves electrochemical activity.
- Interpretationown data
Nitrogen doping in RuP/N-GA adjusts the electronic structure of the ruthenium active site.
“indicating that N-doping in the RuP/N-GA structure can adjust the electronic structure of the Ru active site”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Nitrogen doping contributes to the enhanced hydrazine oxidation activity of the ruthenium site.
“which also contributes to the enhanced HzOR activity of the Ru site.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
Theoretical results indicate that the anchored structure and nitrogen heteroatoms promote hydrazine oxidation on RuP nanoparticles.
“The theoretical results revealed that the anchored structure and the presence of N heteroatoms can promote the HzOR on RuP nanoparticles.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
A synergistic effect between nitrogen doping in the graphene aerogel framework and RuP nanoparticles contributes to the enhanced activity of RuP/N-GA hybrids.
“Meanwhile, the synergistic effect between N-doping in GA frameworks with RuP nanoparticles contributes to the activity enhancement of RuP/N-GA hybrids”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
In alkaline media, doping nickel foam with highly electronegative phosphorus gives exceptional hydrogen evolution and hydrazine oxidation activities.
“For instance, in alkaline media, doping with highly electronegative P in Ni foam resulted in exceptional HER and HzOR activities 17 .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [17] 17. Zhang, F.; Zhu, Y. L.; Chen, Y.; Lu, Y.; Lin, Q.; Zhang L.; Tao, S. W.; Zhang, X. W.; Wang, H. T. J. Mater. Chem. A 2020, 8, 12810. doi: 10.1039/D0TA04491A source
- Premisecitation
Metal phosphides are effective precursors for highly active hydrazine oxidation electrocatalysts because electronegative phosphorus modulates the electronic structure of active metal sites.
“Recently, metal phosphides have been confirmed as an effective precursor to realize highly active HzOR electrocatalysts because of the modulatory effect of highly electronegative P on the electronic structure of the active metal sites 19,20 .”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [19] 19. Chi, J. Q.; Gao, W. K.; Lin, J. H.; Dong, B.; Yan, K. L.; Qin, J. F.; Liu, Bin.; Chai, Y. M.; Liu, C.G. ChemSusChem 2018, 11, 743. doi: 10.1002/cssc.201702010 source
- cites [20] 20. Guo, L.; Luo, F.; Guo, F.; Zhang, Q.; Qu, K.; Yang, Z. H.; Cai, W. W. Chem. Commun. 2019, 55, 7623. doi: 10.1039/C9CC03675J source
- Interpretationreasoning
The excellent electrocatalytic activity of RuP/N-GA hybrids is attributed to ultrasmall RuP nanoparticles that provide abundant ruthenium active sites.
“The excellent electrocatalytic activity of RuP/N-GA hybrids is attributed to the ultrasmall RuP nanoparticles for abundant Ru active sites.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
The hydrogen evolution reaction on RuP/N-GA-900 follows a Heyrovsky mechanism similar to that on platinum.
“Meanwhile, the result suggests that the HER at RuP/N-GA-900 undergoes a Heyrovsky mechanism similar to that of Pt.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
During synthesis, steric hindrance from the graphene aerogel leads to formation of an ultrasmall RuP nanostructure.
“In this process, an ultrasmall RuP nanostructure is formed by the steric hindrance of the GA.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationnone given
The three-dimensional porous N-GA with few-layer morphology accelerates electron and mass transfer.
“in which the 3D porous N-GA with few-layer morphology accelerates the electron and mass transfer”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
The absence of a characteristic RuP crystal peak in the XRD pattern suggests that RuP nanoparticles are ultrasmall or amorphous.
“Additionally, there is no characteristic peak of the RuP crystal in the XRD pattern of RuP/N-GA, which suggests that RuP nanoparticles occur in the form of ultrasmall or amorphous structures.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Electron interaction between N-GA and RuP nanoparticles promotes the electrocatalytic activity of RuP nanoparticles for both hydrogen evolution and hydrazine oxidation.
“and the electron interaction between N-GA and RuP nanoparticles promotes the electrocatalytic activity of RuP nanoparticles for both HER and HzOR.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationcitation
Highly electronegative phosphorus can promote hydrazine oxidation electrocatalysis.
“Thus, highly electronegative P can promote the electrocatalysis of the HzOR.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
The lowest Tafel slope indicates that RuP/N-GA-900 has the fastest HER kinetics.
“The lowest Tafel slope indicates the fastest HER kinetics on the surface of RuP/N-GA-900”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
HzOR-assisted H2 production was successfully achieved at low voltages.
“Thus, the HzOR-assisted H2 production was successfully achieved at low voltages.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
The electrocatalytic activity of RuP/N-GA-900 is saturated when hydrazine concentration reaches 0.4 M.
“The electrocatalytic activity of RuP/N-GA-900 is already saturated when hydrazine concentration reaches 0.4 mol•L -1 .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationown data
N doping makes it easier for RuP/N-GA to adsorb hydrazine molecules on Ru sites.
“suggesting that Ndoping makes it easier for RuP/N-GA to adsorb hydrazine molecule on Ru sites.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The DFT slab models used for RuP/N-GA and RuP/GA represent the real catalyst structures and reaction conditions.
- Rests on an assumption: The DFT-calculated free-energy profile and rate-determining step reflect the actual HzOR mechanism on RuP/N-GA.
- Interpretationreasoning
The HER pathway on RuP/N-GA-900 follows a Heyrovsky mechanism similar to that of Pt.
“the HER route of RuP/N-GA-900 follows a Heyrovsky mechanism similar to that of Pt.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
RuP/N-GA-900 is promising for H2 production under alkaline conditions.
“suggesting its promising application for H2 production under alkaline conditions.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Nitrogen introduction can optimize the charge and spin densities of adjacent carbon atoms, thereby optimizing the catalyst's hydrogen adsorption energy.
“This can optimize the charge and spin densities of the adjacent C atoms, thereby optimizing the H2 adsorption energy of the catalyst.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Nitrogen and carbon atoms have similar atomic radii.
- Interpretationown data
Higher hydrazine concentration cannot improve the efficiency of HzOR.
“This phenomenon indicates that higher hydrazine concentration can not improve the efficiency of HzOR.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Highly electronegative phosphorus promotes further electron accumulation at exposed ruthenium sites.
“The phosphatization of Ru can improve the HER activity, and the highly electronegative P can promote the further accumulation of electrons at the exposed Ru sites.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
These structural features are beneficial for mass and charge transfer in electrocatalytic reactions.
“These structural features are beneficial for mass and charge transfer in electrocatalytic reactions.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
Compared with the graphene aerogel structure, ruthenium is a more effective active species for hydrogen evolution electrocatalysis.
“Compared to the GA structure, Ru is a more effective active species for HER electrocatalysis.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
The enhanced hydrogen evolution activity of RuP/N-GA is attributed to the three-dimensional porous structure of N-GA with abundant nanoholes and large specific area, which enables effective mass transfer.
“The enhanced HER activity of RuP/N-GA could be attributed to three factors: 1) the high-activity ultrasmall RuP nanoparticles, 2) the excellent electrical conductivity of N-GA for high charge-transfer efficiency, and 3) the 3D porous structure of N-GA with abundant nanoholes and large specific area for effective mass transfer.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
RuP/N-GA-900 is a promising bifunctional electrocatalyst with excellent hydrazine oxidation-assisted H2 production.
“RuP/N-GA-900 is a promising bifunctional electrocatalyst with excellent hydrazine oxidation-assisted H2 production.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
Because of its low Ru loading, RuP/N-GA-900 has a greater HER electrocatalysis advantage than commercial Pt/C and other Ru phosphide nanocatalysts.
“Because of the low Ru loading, the RuP/N-GA-900 sample has a greater advantage in HER electrocatalysis than commercial Pt/C and other Ru phosphide nanocatalysts (Table 1).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
DFT calculation results confirm that N doping can effectively enhance the PDS activity of HzOR.
“The DFT calculation results confirm that N doping can effectively enhance the PDS activity of the HzOR.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The DFT slab models used for RuP/N-GA and RuP/GA represent the real catalyst structures and reaction conditions.
- Rests on an assumption: The DFT-calculated free-energy profile and rate-determining step reflect the actual HzOR mechanism on RuP/N-GA.
- Interpretationreasoning
Phosphatization of ruthenium improves hydrogen evolution activity.
“The phosphatization of Ru can improve the HER activity, and the highly electronegative P can promote the further accumulation of electrons at the exposed Ru sites.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
RuP/N-GA-900 has relatively better HER stability than commercial Pt/C.
“revealing relatively better stability on RuP/N-GA-900 for HER.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
The high HzOR activity of RuP/N-GA-900 originates from its structural advantages: ultrasmall RuP nanoparticles, N-doping in GA frameworks, and few-layer N-GA morphology.
“Such high activity originates from the structural advantages of RuP/N-GA-900, as demonstrated by HER electrocatalysis: 1) ultrasmall RuP nanoparticles, 2) N-doping in GA frameworks, and 3) few-layer N-GA morphology.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Introducing nitrogen can reduce damage to the graphene aerogel structure.
“The introduction of N can reduce damage to the GA structure.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Nitrogen and carbon atoms have similar atomic radii.
- Premisecitation
The HER rate on RuP/N-GA-900 is determined by the recombination rate of adsorbed H*.
“Generally, the HER rate is determined by the recombination rate of H* on the surface of RuP/N-GA-900 28 .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [28] 28. Xue, Q.; Ding, Y.; Xue, Y. Y.; Li, F. M.; Chen, P.; Chen, Y. Carbon 2018, 139, 137. doi: 10.1016/j.Carbon.2018.06.052 source
- Interpretationown data
N doping can effectively adjust the electronic structure of the Ru active sites.
“This indicates that N doping can effectively adjust the electronic structure of the Ru active sites”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The DFT slab models used for RuP/N-GA and RuP/GA represent the real catalyst structures and reaction conditions.
- Rests on an assumption: The DFT-calculated free-energy profile and rate-determining step reflect the actual HzOR mechanism on RuP/N-GA.
- Interpretationown data
A smaller charge-transfer resistance indicates faster charge transfer at the electrode surface of RuP/N-GA-900.
“A smaller Rct indicates faster charge transfer at the electrode surface of RuP/N-GA-900.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
N doping in the RuP/N-GA structure can modulate the electronic structure of Ru active sites, contributing to enhanced HzOR activity of Ru sites.
“This result shows the Ndoping in the structure of RuP/N-Ga can modulate the electronic structure of Ru active sites, which also contributes to HzOR activity enhancement of Ru sites.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The DFT slab models used for RuP/N-GA and RuP/GA represent the real catalyst structures and reaction conditions.
- Rests on an assumption: The DFT-calculated free-energy profile and rate-determining step reflect the actual HzOR mechanism on RuP/N-GA.
- Interpretationown data
RuP/N-GA-900 is more stable than commercial Pt/C for HzOR.
“indicating that RuP/N-GA-900 is more stable than commercial Pt/C for HzOR.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
A moderate d-band center value can achieve a balance between adsorption and desorption.
“the moderate value of the dband center could achieve a balance between adsorption and desorption 50 .”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [50] 50. Chen, S.; Wang, C.; Liu, S.; Huang, M.; Lu, J. J. Phys. Chem. Lett. 2021, 12, 4849. doi: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c00963 source
- Rests on an assumption: The DFT slab models used for RuP/N-GA and RuP/GA represent the real catalyst structures and reaction conditions.
- Rests on an assumption: The DFT-calculated free-energy profile and rate-determining step reflect the actual HzOR mechanism on RuP/N-GA.
- Interpretationreasoning
The large surface area and pore volume of RuP/N-GA are attributed to ultrasmall nanoparticles, abundant nanoholes, and the three-dimensional structure of N-GA.
“The large surface area and pore volume of the RuP/N-GA sample were attributed to the ultrasmall nanoparticles, abundant nanoholes, and 3D structure of N-GA.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
The enhanced hydrogen evolution activity of RuP/N-GA is attributed to the excellent electrical conductivity of N-GA, which gives high charge-transfer efficiency.
“The enhanced HER activity of RuP/N-GA could be attributed to three factors: 1) the high-activity ultrasmall RuP nanoparticles, 2) the excellent electrical conductivity of N-GA for high charge-transfer efficiency, and 3) the 3D porous structure of N-GA with abundant nanoholes and large specific area for effective mass transfer.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
Compared with current HzOR electrocatalysts, RuP/N-GA-900 is a very competitive catalyst in alkaline electrolytes.
“Compared with current HzOR electrocatalysts, RuP/N-GA-900 is still a very competitive catalyst in alkaline electrolytes (Table 2).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
RuP/N-GA-900 is a better alternative to commercial Pt/C for hydrazine splitting.
“This result indicates that RuP/N-GA-900 is a better alternative to the commercial Pt/C electrocatalyst for hydrazine splitting.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
RuP/N-GA-900 showed high stability in the long-term electrocatalytic process.
“Therefore, RuP/N-GA-900 showed high stability in the long-term electrocatalytic process”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
- May combine two claims. 25
- Borderline: one of the tests for a substantial claim is unclear. 1
- Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 4
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
May combine two claims.
FindingcitationThe C 1s XPS spectrum has peaks at 284.5, 285.8, and 285.2 eV assigned to C=C, C-C, and C-N binding energies, respectively.
“Further analysis of the C 1s spectrum reveals peaks at 284.5, 285.8, and 285.2 eV, which are assigned to the binding energy of C＝C 25 , C-C 26 , and C-N 25 , respectively.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 2 sources checked- cites [25] 25. Wang, Z.; Xu, L.; Huang, F.; Qu, L.; Li, J.; Owusu, K. A.; Liu, Z. A.; Lin, Z. F.; Xiang, B. H.; Liu, X. Adv. Energy Mater. 2019, 9, 1900390. doi: 10.1002/aenm.201900390 source
- cites [26] 26. Liu, Y.; Zhang, J.; Li, Y.; Qian, Li, Q. Z.; Zhu, Y.; Zhang G. Q. Nat. Commun. 2020, 11, 1853. doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-15563-8 source
The Results section on synthesis and characterization reports XPS peaks for Co 2p, N 1s, W 4f, and P 2p, but not a C 1s spectrum. Searches for the three stated energies and for C 1s/C–C/C–N assignments found no passage addressing the claim. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.74)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Borderline on S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based): unclear from the text.
Findingnone givenSize statistics show that most RuP nanoparticles are smaller than 5 nm.
“The corresponding size statistics for RuP show that the size of most nanoparticles is < 5 nm.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataRuP/N-GA hybrids show excellent cycling and long-term stability for both hydrogen evolution and hydrazine oxidation, better than commercial Pt/C.
“Additionally, RuP/N-GA hybrids exhibited excellent cycling and long-term stability for both HER and HzOR, superior to those of commercial Pt/C.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataAmong the RuP/N-GA hybrids, RuP/N-GA-900 has the smallest hydrogen evolution Tafel slope, 37.03 mV dec-1, and therefore the fastest hydrogen evolution kinetics.
“Among various RuP/N-GA hybrids, the Tafel plot of HER at RuP/N-GA-900 reveals the smallest value to be 37.03 mV•dec -1 , which affords the fastest HER kinetics.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Findingown dataRaman spectra of RuP/N-GA and GA show two peaks at about 1350 and 1580 cm-1, corresponding to the G and D peaks of graphitic structure.
“The Raman spectra of both RuP/N-GA and GA samples show two peaks (at approximately 1350 and 1580 cm -1 ), corresponding to the G and D peaks of the graphitic structure (Fig. S5).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataTEM images show an ultrathin layered graphene aerogel structure and ultrasmall RuP nanoparticles in RuP/N-GA.
“The TEM images reveal the ultrathin layered structure of GA (Fig. 2a) and ultrasmall RuP nanoparticles in the RuP/N-GA sample (Fig. 2b,c).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataThermogravimetric analysis shows the sample loses up to 89.8% of its weight, indicating that only trace ruthenium is present in RuP/N-GA.
“The thermogravimetric curve shows that the sample loses up to 89.8% of its weight, indicating that only trace Ru is present in the RuP/N-GA sample (Fig. S4).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataEDX shows that RuP/N-GA contains ruthenium, phosphorus, carbon, and nitrogen, with a ruthenium-to-phosphorus atomic ratio close to 1:1.
“The spectrum shows that RuP/N-GA is composed of Ru, P, C, and N, and the atomic ratio of Ru : P is extremely close to 1 : 1 (Fig. S2).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataThe ID/IG ratio of RuP/N-GA is greater than that of GA, indicating more carbon defects in RuP/N-GA.
“The ID/IG ratio of RuP/N-GA was greater than that of GA, indicating the presence of more carbon defects in RuP/N-GA.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataIn 1 M KOH, the charge-transfer resistance of RuP/N-GA-900 is 47.3 Ω, smaller than that of commercial Pt/C (67.7 Ω).
“In 1 mol•L -1 KOH, the Rct of RuP/N-GA-900 is 47.3 Ω, smaller than that of commercial Pt/C (67.7 Ω).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataRu/N-GA and RuP-GA have hydrogen evolution overpotentials of 50.6 and 47.6 mV, respectively.
“Instead, the Ru/N-GA and RuP-GA samples have obvious electrocatalytic activities with overpotentials at 50.6 and 47.6 mV for HER, respectively.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
FindingreasoningThe BET surface area of RuP/N-GA is up to 200.4 m2 g-1, mainly attributed to the three-dimensional structure of N-GA.
“The Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area of RuP/N-GA is up to 200.4 m 2 •g -1 (Fig. S6a), which is mainly attributed to the 3D structure of N-GA.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataThe adsorption-desorption curve indicates that slit pores formed by accumulation of layered materials, as also confirmed by TEM.
“The adsorption-desorption curve indicated that slit pores were formed by the accumulation of layered materials, which was also confirmed by the TEM image (Fig. S7).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingnone givenRaising the calcination temperature increases the graphitization degree of GA and creates more defects.
“With an increased calcination temperature, GA can obtain a better graphitization degree and more defects.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataThe d-band center of Ru sites in RuP/N-GA is -1.62 eV, more positive than that in RuP/GA (-1.76 eV).
“for the Ru sites, the d-band center of RuP/N-GA is -1.62 eV, more positive than that of RuP/GA (-1.76 eV).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The DFT slab models used for RuP/N-GA and RuP/GA represent the real catalyst structures and reaction conditions.
- Rests on an assumption: The DFT-calculated free-energy profile and rate-determining step reflect the actual HzOR mechanism on RuP/N-GA.
May combine two claims.
Findingown dataThe free energy of hydrazine adsorption on RuP/N-GA is -0.68 eV, lower than that on RuP/GA (-0.59 eV).
“The free energy on RuP/N-GA is -0.68 eV, much lower than that of RuP/GA (-0.59 eV)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The DFT slab models used for RuP/N-GA and RuP/GA represent the real catalyst structures and reaction conditions.
- Rests on an assumption: The DFT-calculated free-energy profile and rate-determining step reflect the actual HzOR mechanism on RuP/N-GA.
May combine two claims.
Findingown dataOn RuP/N-GA, the free energy difference for the rate-determining step is 0.79 eV, smaller than the dehydrogenation energy on RuP/GA.
“On RuP/N-GA, the free energy difference value is 0.79 eV, which is smaller than the dehydrogenation energy on RuP/GA.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The DFT slab models used for RuP/N-GA and RuP/GA represent the real catalyst structures and reaction conditions.
- Rests on an assumption: The DFT-calculated free-energy profile and rate-determining step reflect the actual HzOR mechanism on RuP/N-GA.
May combine two claims.
Interpretationown dataRuthenium can serve as an alternative electrocatalyst for both hydrogen evolution and hydrazine oxidation.
“Our work demonstrates that Ru can be used as an alternative to both HER and HzOR electrocatalysts.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationElectrochemical water splitting is a better route than steam reforming for producing green hydrogen without carbon emissions and with less energy consumption.
“Electrochemical water splitting is a more suitable strategy to generate 'green hydrogen' without carbon emission and excessive consumption than stream reforming [5][6][7][8] .”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [5][6][7][8]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
May combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningHighly electronegative phosphorus and nitrogen doping strengthen the bifunctional catalytic properties of hydrazine splitting, enabling efficient hydrogen production with low energy consumption.
“In addition, the highly electronegative P and Ndoping effect strengthen the bifunctional catalytic properties of hydrazine splitting to stimulate efficient H2 production with low energy consumption.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningBecause nitrogen gas is an inert by-product of hydrazine oxidation, a membrane-free electrolyzer can further reduce cost.
“In addition, owing to the inert N2 being a by-product of the HzOR, the membrane-free electrolyzer can further reduce the cost.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The hydrazine oxidation reaction has a low theoretical potential of -0.33 V versus RHE, making it a suitable anodic replacement for the oxygen evolution reaction.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
PremisecitationRuthenium costs 4.2% of platinum and has attracted increasing attention as an alternative hydrogen evolution electrocatalyst.
“Ru, at a price of 4.2% that of Pt, has received increasing attention as an alternative HER electrocatalyst [9][10][11][12][13] .”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [9][10][11][12][13]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
May combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningThe high activity of RuP/N-GA-900 is attributed to structural advantages: ultrasmall RuP nanoparticles for abundant Ru active sites, synergistic N-doping in GA frameworks with Ru phosphide, and 3D porous N-GA with few-layer morphology for superior electron and mass transfer.
“Such high activity can be attributed to the structural advantages of RuP/N-GA-900: 1) ultrasmall RuP nanoparticles for abundant Ru active sites, 2) the synergistic effect of N-doping in GA frameworks with Ru phosphide for better electrocatalytic activity, and 3) 3D porous N-GA with a few-layer morphology for superior electron and mass transfer.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimThe quote only partly states this claim.
InterpretationreasoningThe enhanced hydrogen evolution activity of RuP/N-GA is attributed to high-activity ultrasmall RuP nanoparticles.
“The enhanced HER activity of RuP/N-GA could be attributed to three factors: 1) the high-activity ultrasmall RuP nanoparticles, 2) the excellent electrical conductivity of N-GA for high charge-transfer efficiency, and 3) the 3D porous structure of N-GA with abundant nanoholes and large specific area for effective mass transfer.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Interpretationown dataThe slabs have metallicity and excellent conductivity for electrocatalysis.
“indicating that the slabs had metallicity and excellent conductivity for electrocatalysis.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The DFT slab models used for RuP/N-GA and RuP/GA represent the real catalyst structures and reaction conditions.
- Rests on an assumption: The DFT-calculated free-energy profile and rate-determining step reflect the actual HzOR mechanism on RuP/N-GA.
May combine two claims.
Interpretationown dataThe N heteroatoms in the RuP/N-GA slab can modulate the electronic structure of the Ru sites, which could be advantageous for bifunctional electrocatalytic activity.
“Thus, the N heteroatoms in the RuP/N-GA slab can modulate the electronic structure of the Ru sites, which could be advantageous for bifunctional electrocatalytic activity.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The DFT slab models used for RuP/N-GA and RuP/GA represent the real catalyst structures and reaction conditions.
- Rests on an assumption: The DFT-calculated free-energy profile and rate-determining step reflect the actual HzOR mechanism on RuP/N-GA.
May combine two claims.
InterpretationcitationNitrogen doping and phosphorus incorporation in RuP/N-GA can synergize with ruthenium phosphide to enhance electrical conductivity and improve charge transfer between the electrocatalyst and electrolyte.
“In contrast, N doping and P incorporation in the RuP/N-GA structure can also synergize with Ru phosphide to enhance the electrical conductivity and improve the charge transfer efficiency between the electrocatalyst and electrolyte 17 .”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [17] 17. Zhang, F.; Zhu, Y. L.; Chen, Y.; Lu, Y.; Lin, Q.; Zhang L.; Tao, S. W.; Zhang, X. W.; Wang, H. T. J. Mater. Chem. A 2020, 8, 12810. doi: 10.1039/D0TA04491A source
- Rests on an assumption: Nitrogen heteroatoms generally synergize with metal sites and increase hydrophilicity, which improves electrochemical activity.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationThe HzOR process is composed of adsorption and dehydrogenation steps (*N2H4 → *N2H3 → *N2H2 → *N2H → *N2).
“According to the limited previous work, the HzOR process is composed of the adsorption and dehydrogenation steps (*N2H4 → *N2H3 → *N2H2 → *N2H → *N2) 51 .”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [51] 51. Zhang, J.; Liu, Y.; Li, J.; Jin, X.; Li, Y.; Qian, Q.; Wang, Y.; El-Harairy, A.; Li, Z.; Zhu, Y. et al. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2021, 13, 3881. doi: 10.1021/acsami.0c18684 source
- Rests on an assumption: The DFT slab models used for RuP/N-GA and RuP/GA represent the real catalyst structures and reaction conditions.
- Rests on an assumption: The DFT-calculated free-energy profile and rate-determining step reflect the actual HzOR mechanism on RuP/N-GA.
May combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningDuring pyrolysis, PEI releases N active atoms as heteroatoms for doping into the 3D GA framework, simultaneously introducing abundant defects in RuP/N-GA that increase both HER and HzOR activities.
“During pyrolysis, PEI can release N active atoms as heteroatoms for doping into the 3D structure of the GA framework, which simultaneously introduces abundant defects in RuP/N-GA to increase both the HER and HzOR activities.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
The paper relies on this without support.
The anodic oxygen evolution reaction has sluggish four-electron kinetics that causes a large overall water-splitting cell voltage, up to 2.0 V.
“the anodic OER has four electrons with sluggish kinetics, which leads to a large input cell voltage for the overall water splitting device (up to 2.0 V).”
The paper relies on this without support.
The hydrazine oxidation reaction has a low theoretical potential of -0.33 V versus RHE, making it a suitable anodic replacement for the oxygen evolution reaction.
“Hydrazine oxidation reaction (HzOR; N2H4 + 4HO -→ N2(g) + 4H2O + 4e -) with an electrode potential of -0.33 V vs. a reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE) is a perfect anodic substitutional reaction.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Efficient platinum-based nanomaterials are unsuitable for industrial hydrogen evolution because platinum is expensive and scarce.
“Because of their high price and low reserves, efficient Pt-based nanomaterials are not suitable for achieving industrialized electrochemical HER.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Effective hydrazine oxidation catalysts and bifunctional catalysts for overall hydrazine splitting have been neglected or are rare.
“Unfortunately, despite significant progress in HER electrocatalysts, exploiting effective catalytic activity for the HzOR has been neglected, not to mention the bifunctional catalysts for overall hydrazine splitting.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Nitrogen heteroatoms generally synergize with metal sites and increase hydrophilicity, which improves electrochemical activity.
“Moreover, N heteroatoms generally provide a synergistic effect with metal sites and enhance hydrophilicity, endowing the catalysts with enhanced activity for electrochemical reactions.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Nitrogen and carbon atoms have similar atomic radii.
“The atomic radii of the N atoms were similar to those of the C atoms.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Highly conductive, large-surface substrates such as nickel foam and graphene improve electron and mass transfer of ruthenium nanostructures and lead to excellent hydrogen evolution activity.
“In contrast, highly conductive substrates with large surfaces, such as Ni foam and graphene, favor the electron and mass transfer of Ru nanostructures, resulting in excellent HER activity.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The DFT slab models used for RuP/N-GA and RuP/GA represent the real catalyst structures and reaction conditions.
“RuP/N-GA and RuP on GA (RuP/GA) slabs were prepared to elucidate the synergistic effect between N doping and Ru sites.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The DFT-calculated free-energy profile and rate-determining step reflect the actual HzOR mechanism on RuP/N-GA.
“The free energies and number of hydrazine molecules adsorbed on the RuP/N-GA and RuP/GA slabs (Fig. 7) were calculated (Fig. 6c).”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
HzOR potentials reverse the reported current trend
MajorThe introduction reports 27 mV at 30 mA•cm -2, while the results report a lower potential, 24 mV, at the higher current density of 50 mA•cm -2 for the same catalyst. These values conflict with the reported anodic polarization trend.
“RuP/N-GA exhibits excellent electrocatalytic activities with a low working potential of -19.6 mV for HER (at 10 mA•cm -2 ) and 27 mV for HzOR (at 30 mA•cm -2 ).”
“In particular, the RuP/N-GA-900 has the best HzOR performance with a potential of -54 and 24 mV at 10 and 50 mA•cm -2 , respectively.”
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Zhang, M., Wang, Z., Duan, Z., Wang, S., Xu, Y. P., Li, X., Wang, L., & Wang, H. (2021) · Journal of Materials Chemistry A · doi:10.1039/d1ta05564j · Cited by 37 · see citing works
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Cui, S., Wu, W., Liu, C., Wang, Y., Chen, Q., & Liu, X. (2021) · Nanoscale · doi:10.1039/d1nr04075h · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Free-standing two-dimensional ruthenium-beryllium nanosheets for alkaline hydrogen evolution
Xu, J., Wang, S., Yang, C., Li, T., Liu, Q., & Kong, X. (2021) · Chemical Engineering Journal · doi:10.1016/j.cej.2021.129741 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Carbon dots enhance ruthenium nanoparticles for efficient hydrogen production in alkaline
Liu, Y., Li, W., Wu, H., & Lu, S. (2020) · Acta Physico Chimica Sinica · doi:10.3866/pku.whxb202009082 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Wang, H., & Tao, S.-Y. (2021) · Nanoscale Advances · doi:10.1039/d1na00043h · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Li, Y., Wang, W., Cheng, M., Qian, Q., Zhu, Y. L., & Zhang, G. (2022) · Catalysis Science & Technology · doi:10.1039/d2cy00055e · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 5
- [1]1. Gao, Z. Q.; Wang, C. Y.; Li, J. J.; Zhu, Y. T.; Zhang, Z. C.; Hu, W. P. Acta Phys. -Chim. Sin. 2021, 37, 2010025. [
- [5]5. Qin, R.; Wang, P. Y.; Lin, C.; Cao, F.; Zhang, J. Y.; Chen, L.; Mu S. C. Acta Phys. -Chim. Sin. 2021, 37, 2009099. [
- [7]7. Lei, Z. N.; Ma, X. Y.; Hu, X. Y.; Fan, J.; Liu, E. Z. Acta Phys. -Chim. Sin. 2022, 38, 2110049. [
- [12]12. Liu, Y.; Li, W. D.; Wu, H.; Lu, S. Y. Acta Phys. -Chim. Sin. 2021, 37, 2009082. [
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- Authors
- Wang, Z.-M., Hong, Q.-L., Wang, X.-H., Huang, H., Chen, Y., & Li, S.-N.
- Affiliations
- University of South-Eastern Norway (NO)
- Venue
- Acta Physico Chimica Sinica
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2023
- Volume
- 0
- Issue
- 0
- Pages
- 2303028
- ISSN
- 1000-6818 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4364322304
- Semantic Scholar
- 6a2ab998dc1f9dc0e43c614599d2ea1968d2c768
- Cited by
- 64
- References
- 50
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 44 · 2023: 1
- FWCI
- 3.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Acta Physico-Chimica Sinica (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (21972089, 22002083)
- Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (GK202202001)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Energy › Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment › Electrocatalysts for Energy Conversion
- Physical Sciences › Energy › Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment › Advanced Photocatalysis Techniques
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Materials Chemistry › Hydrogen Storage and Materials
- Keywords
- hydrazine oxidation, hydrogen evolution reaction, green hydrogen production, electrocatalysis, phosphorization, polyethyleneimine, phytic acid, nitrogen doping, Heyrovsky mechanism, hydrazine adsorption, oxygen evolution reaction alternative, Tafel slope
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Claims read under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-09-28.
Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-09-28.
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