Student or educator? Sign up with your school email and get 6 months of Pro free.
Cited by 213

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 1 of the 1 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Breast-Feeding and Optimal Visual Development

Birch, Eileen, Birch, David, Hoffman, Dennis, Hale, Linda, Everett, Mary, Uauy, Ricardo·1993·Journal of Pediatric Ophthalmology & Strabismus

Abstract

ABSTRACT The goal of the present study was to determine whether dietary supply of ω-3 essential fatty acid (EFA) influences visual development in healthy pre-term and full-term infants. Visual status was examined in human milk-fed infants (ample dietary ω-3 EFA supply) and corn oil-based formula-fed infants (no dietary ω-3 EFA; standard formula prior to 1987). At 57 weeks postconception (4 months adjusted age), both pre-term and full-term human milk-fed infants had significantly better visual evoked potential (VEP) and forced-choice preferentiallooking (FPL) acuity than formula-fed infants. Acuity was correlated with a dietary ω-3 sufficiency index from red blood cell membranes obtained at 57 weeks postconception. At 36 months, full-term human milk-fed children had significantly better random dot stereo acuity and letter matching ability than formula-fed children. Stereo acuity and performance on the letter matching test were correlated with a dietary ω-3 sufficiency index from red blood cell membranes obtained at 4 months. These results suggest that dietary ω-3 fatty acids play an important role in visual development.

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.3928/0191-3913-19930101-09

Cites

1 of 1 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

Show all 1 references

Cited by

See all 213

Metadata

Authors
Birch, E., Birch, D., Hoffman, D., Hale, L., Everett, M., & Uauy, R.
Venue
Journal of Pediatric Ophthalmology & Strabismus
Publisher
SLACK, Inc.
Published
1993-01
Volume
30
Issue
1
Pages
33-38
ISSN
  • 0191-3913 (ISSN-L)
  • 1938-2405
OpenAlex
W202716955
Cited by
213
References
1
FWCI
15.98
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

How to cite

Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.

This page
CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Breast-Feeding and Optimal Visual Development. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.3928/0191-3913-19930101-09
The paper
Birch, E., Birch, D., Hoffman, D., Hale, L., Everett, M., & Uauy, R. (1993). Breast-Feeding and Optimal Visual Development. Journal of Pediatric Ophthalmology & Strabismus. https://doi.org/10.3928/0191-3913-19930101-09

Data sources

Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.

Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).

Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.