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Treatment-Resistant Depression: Approaches to Treatment
Abstract
Approximately 30% of people treated for a major depressive episode will not achieve remission after two or more treatment trials of first-line antidepressants and are considered to have treatment-resistant depression (TRD). Because the odds of remission decrease with every subsequent medication trial, it is important for clinicians to understand the characteristics and risk factors for TRD, subtypes of major depressive disorder that are more likely to be less responsive to first-line anti-depressants, and the available treatment options. In the current article, we review the approved treatments for TRD, including esketamine, and the evidence for psilocybin and pramipexole. Although limited in specificity, guidelines to help prescribers identify person-centered treatments for TRD are available. [ Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services, 59 (9), 7–11.]
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“Furthermore, many patients will require multiple medication trials and may take months to experience any symptomatic improvement [36].”
Citations
Cites
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Selected biomarkers of depression: what are the effects of cytokines and inflammation
Harsanyi, S., Kupcova, I., Danisovic, L., & Klein, M. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms24010578 · Cited by 299
“New treatment targets, be they psychological or pharmaceutic, are constantly being developed, as depression can often be therapy-resistant [12,13].”
BackgroundAccelerated intermittent theta burst stimulation in major depressive disorder: A systematic review
Neuteboom, D., Zantvoord, J. B., Goya‐Maldonado, R., Wilkening, J., Dols, A., van Exel, E. R., Lok, A., de Haan, L., & Scheepstra, K. W. F. (2023) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2023.115429 · Cited by 67
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Psiuk, D., Nowak, E., Dycha, N., Łopuszańska, U., Kurzepa, J., & Samardakiewicz, M. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms231911450 · Cited by 46
“TRD affects approximately 30 percent of people treated for a major depressive episode and is associated with increased severity and recurrence of disease, which results in prolonged function impairments, medical comorbidities, and increased suicidality as well as non-suicidal mortality [7,8].”
BackgroundLan, X.-J., Yang, X.-H., Mo, Y., Deng, C.-J., Huang, X.-B., Cai, D.-B., & Zheng, W. (2024) · Asian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.ajp.2024.104032 · Cited by 32
Metadata
- Authors
- Kverno, K. S., & Mangano, E.
- Venue
- Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services
- Publisher
- SLACK, Inc.
- Published
- 2021-09
- Volume
- 59
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 7-11
- ISSN
- 0279-3695 (ISSN-L)
- 1938-2413
- OpenAlex
- W3196802696
- Cited by
- 121
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 30 · 2024: 36 · 2023: 32 · 2022: 9
- FWCI
- 2.44
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Treatment of Major Depression
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Electroconvulsive Therapy Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Keywords
- treatment-resistant depression, major depressive disorder, antidepressant treatment, esketamine, psilocybin, pramipexole, depression subtypes, depression remission
- MeSH terms
- Antidepressive Agents, Depression, Major Depressive Disorder, Drug Therapy, Combination, Humans, Depressive Disorder, Treatment-Resistant
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