Peripheral Light Focusing by the Anterior Eye and the Ophthalmohelioses
Abstract
ABSTRACT\ Peripheral focusing of light by the anterior eye may provide a unifying concept to explain the location and etiology of sun-related eye conditions (ophthalmohelioses). Using a bovine eye model, along with computer-assisted ray-tracing techniques to model limbal focusing, we demonstrated a correlation between the locations of the foci of scattered incident light (resulting in a 20-fold concentration of light at the limbus) and the usual locations of pterygium and cortical cataract. These findings suggest the need for improved ocular protective devices, particularly ones that provide lateral protection of the eye against the increased ultraviolet insolation resulting from thinning of the ozone layer.
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The predominance of cortical cataract and pterygium on the nasal aspect supports the notion that most UV damage is induced by oblique peripheral rays.
“supporting the notion that most of UV damage is induced by oblique peripheral rays (40).”
From Photoprotection: a Review of the Current and Future Technologies (2010) · cites this paper as [40]
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“They proposed and experimentally demonstrated that tangentially incident light at the temporal limbus travels across the anterior chamber and comes to focus on the opposing corneal side near the nasal limbus [28].”
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“These results affirmed the theory of Coroneo et al.(15,16) that UV radiation from the very temporal edge of the cornea focuses on the nasal side of the limbus and lens.”
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“increased incidence of pinguecula and pterygium, conjunctival tumours which are associated with UV damage [106].”
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“Thus, CUVAF and pterygium tend to be larger and more common at the nasal than the temporal bulbar conjunctiva (17).”
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“Previous studies demonstrated a close correlation between the location of the foci of scattered incident light (resulting in a 20-fold concentration of light at the limbus) and the location of pterygium and cortical cataract.(9,10) Ray-tracing analysis supports these findings, indicating that the peripheral cornea con…”
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“The cornea is particularly susceptible to UVR due to its natural transparency and its shape which is contributing to a pe-ripherallightfocusingeffect,affectingthenasallimbus where UVirradi-ation is 20-fold strongest(Coroneo et al., 1991;Maloof et al., 1994).”
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“Interestingly, cortical opacities are most prevalent in the lower nasal quadrant of the lens, perhaps due to the phenomenon of peripheral light focusing, through which temporal light rays are concentrated on this region of the lens.(23,24)”
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“INTRODUCTION Ophthalmohelioses describe a group of ophthalmic conditions in which sunlight is implicated in the pathogenesis.(1) To date, sunlight has been associated with several different ophthalmic conditions, affecting every major anatomical component of the eye, as well as systemic conditions with the potential f…”
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“The eye is least protected from UVR laterally, although the cornea refocuses much of this peripheral light to the nasal limbus and crystalline lens.(80) This has been suggested to cause localized high concentrations of UVR within the eye.”
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“Thus, Coroneo(3,4) argued that for this reason cortical spokes began in the temporal region.(3,4) Eye & Contact Lens Volume 37, Number 4, July 2011 Intraocular and Crystalline Lens Protection”
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“Some studies demonstrated that the UV radiation might be focused at the nasal limbus by light incident at the temporal comea (34,35).”
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“As previously described in the diabetic lens [5], the toxic levels of glucose enter lens cells and activate aldose reductase.”
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“Ray-tracing analysis revealed that incident light from temporal limbus focuses on the nasal limbus, the usual location of the pterygia, with a 20-fold concentration of intensity.(4) UV radiation is considered the main environmental cause of skin cancers and the associated risk has been increasing over recent years.”
Background4-Hydroxyhexenal- and 4-Hydroxynonenal-Modified Proteins in Pterygia
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“As in humans, we hypothesized that natural UV light enters via the temporal limbus, causing most damage medially due to peripheral light focusing, also called the Coroneo effect.(11) Coroneo, et al.”
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Look past the cooperative eye hypothesis: reconsidering the evolution of human eye appearance
Perea-García, J., Teuben, A., & Caspar, K. R. (2025) · Biological Reviews of The Cambridge Philosophical Society · doi:10.1111/brv.70033 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Somatic Variants in the Human Lens Epithelium: A Preliminary Assessment
Mesa, R. A., Tyagi, M., Harocopos, G. J., Vollman, D. E., & Bassnett, S. (2016) · Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science · doi:10.1167/iovs.16-19726 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“This is an interesting observation because that region is exposed to more sunlight than the rest of the epithelium, 34 and it is there that cortical cataracts often develop initially.”
Ultraviolet and Visible Transmittance of Soft Contact Lenses with and without Ultraviolet Blockers
Kapfelsberger, A., Eckstein, J., von Ahrentschildt, A., Bischoff, J., Marx, S., & Sickenberger, W. (2021) · Optometry and Vision Science · doi:10.1097/opx.0000000000001796 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Domdey, M., Kluth, M., Maßlo, C., Ganss, C., Frank, M., Frank, N., Coroneo, M., Cursiefen, C., & Notara, M. (2022) · Stem Cell Research · doi:10.1016/j.scr.2022.102936 · Cited by 8
“…matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) including MMP1, 13, 2 and 9 (Di Giro-lamo et al., 2000), along with putative stem cell markers (Chui et al., 2011) suggesting LESC may be involved in pterygium onset and progression as we had earlier postulated (Coroneo et al., 1991a; Coroneo et al., 1991b).”
Self-citationOcular Surface Diseases in Marine Mammals.
Colitz, C. M. (2019) · Veterinary Clinics of North America Exotic Animal Practice · doi:10.1016/j.cvex.2018.08.007 · Cited by 8
PARP-1/PAR Activity in Cultured Human Lens Epithelial Cells Exposed to Two Levels of UVB Light
Cencer, C. S., Chintala, S., Townsend, T. J., Feldmann, D. P., Awrow, M. A., Putris, N., Geno, M., Donovan, M., & Giblin, F. (2017) · Photochemistry and Photobiology · doi:10.1111/php.12814 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“An even greater threat to lens transparency may be UV light entering from the side of the eye since this radiation can focus up to 20x stronger in the peripheral region of the lens on the nasal side (13-15).”
Heterogeneity of Limbal Basal Epithelial Progenitor Cells
Hayashida, Y., Li, W., Chen, Y., He, H., Chen, S.-Y., Kheirkah, A., Zhu, Y., Matsumoto, Y., & Tseng, S. C. G. (2010) · Cornea · doi:10.1097/ico.0b013e3181ea4b13 · Cited by 8
Masili, M., Duarte, F. O., & Ventura, L. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-50831-9 · Cited by 7
Ijiri, S., Kobayashi, A., Yoshita, T., Yokogawa, H., & Sugiyama, K. (2007) · Cornea · doi:10.1097/ico.0b013e31802e1e3b · Cited by 7
A novel sensor array for field based ocular ultraviolet radiation measurements.
Fleming, D., Walsh, J. E., Moore, L. A., Bergmanson, J., & McMahon, D. (2006) · Radiation Protection Dosimetry · doi:10.1093/rpd/nci346 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Prevalence of Pinguecula and Pterygium in Patients With Thyroid Orbitopathy
Ozer, P., Altıparmak, U., Yalniz, Z., Kasim, R., & Duman, S. (2010) · Cornea · doi:10.1097/ico.0b013e3181c296ab · Cited by 6
“These facts strongly suggest that pterygia and pinguecula are causally related to prolonged actinic damage(2) and they are the most obvious examples of the ophthalmohelioses (sun-related diseases of the eye), the term initially used by Coroneo in the literature.(11) One study demonstrated the mutagenic effect of UV-B…”
BackgroundLatitude and Incidence of Ocular Melanoma
Vajdic, C., Kricker, A., & Armstrong, B. (2007) · Photochemistry and Photobiology · doi:10.1111/j.1751-1097.2007.00094.x · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Photoregulatory functions drive variation in eye coloration across macaque species
Perea-García, J., Massen, J., Ostner, J., Schülke, O., Castellano-Navarro, A., Gazagne, E., José-Domínguez, J. M., Beltrán-Francés, V., Kaburu, S., Ruppert, N., et al. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-80643-4 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Suleiman, D., Liman, A., Waziri, G., Iliyasu, Y., & Ahmed, S. (2021) · International ophtalmology · doi:10.1007/s10792-022-02411-5 · Cited by 5
Optical performance of welding curtains and existing standards
Dain, S., Sliney, D., & Naumov, A. (2021) · Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene · doi:10.1080/15459624.2021.1921183 · Cited by 5
Optical Analysis and Reappraisal of the Peripheral Light Focusing Theory of Nasal Pterygia Formation
King-smith, P., Mauger, T., Begley, C., & Tankam, P. (2020) · Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science · doi:10.1167/iovs.61.2.42 · Cited by 5
Handing it to pterygium: Explaining pterygium laterality.
Coroneo, M., Tat, L. T., Chen, H., Grupchev, D. I., Grupcheva, C., & Ip, M. H. (2020) · The ocular surface · doi:10.1016/j.jtos.2020.12.001 · Cited by 4
Self-citationWaszczykowska, A., Bartosiewicz, K., Podgórski, M., Zmysłowska-Polakowska, E., & Jurowski, P. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm9092693 · Cited by 4
“The well-known Coroneo effect (the ability to refract light rays through the cornea and focus them 20-fold stronger in the nasal conjunctival region than temporal) may explain the higher incidence of CUVAF in the nasal region in a healthy population [13,14].”
BackgroundPhototoxic Consequences of the Corneal Dome
Kwok, L. (1997) · doi:10.1007/978-94-011-5698-1_37 · Cited by 4
- Authors
- Coroneo, M. T., Müller-Stolzenburg, N. W., & Ho, A.
- Affiliations
- UNSW Sydney (AU)
- ORCID
- Coroneo, M T
- Venue
- Ophthalmic Surgery, Lasers and Imaging Retina
- Publisher
- SLACK, Inc.
- Published
- 1991-12
- Volume
- 22
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 705-711
- ISSN
- 1542-8877 (ISSN-L)
- 2325-8160
- 2325-8179
- OpenAlex
- W2465418419
- Cited by
- 141
- References
- 19
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 2.63
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Ophthalmic surgery, lasers & imaging retina (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Ophthalmology › Ocular and Laser Science Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Ocular Surface and Contact Lens
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Ophthalmology and Visual Impairment Studies
- Keywords
- anterior eye, pterygium, cortical cataract, light scattering, ray tracing
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Anterior Eye Segment, Cattle, Computer Simulation, Eye Diseases, Eye Protective Devices, Models, Biological, Scattering, Radiation, Sunlight, Ultraviolet Rays, Vision, Ocular, Visual Pathways
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