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Cited by 298Skin Protection and AgingPhotodynamic Therapy Research StudiesBee Products Chemical Analysis

Photoprotection: a Review of the Current and Future Technologies

Open access
Wang, Steven Q., Balagula, Yevgeniy, Osterwalder, Uli·2010·Dermatologic Therapy
DOI 10.1111/j.1529-8019.2009.01289.x
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Abstract

Exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation is associated with a variety of harmful effects ranging from photoaging to skin cancer. UVB (290 to 320 nm) directly damages the cellular DNA leading to the formation of the 6-4 cyclobutane pyrimidine dimmers, and UVA (320 to 400 nm) indirectly damages the DNA via the production of oxygen radical species. In this review, we focused on the technological and scientific aspects of photoprotection using sunglasses and clothing while attempting to dispel some of the misconceptions. In addition to the basic knowledge relating to sunscreens, we reviewed the current guidelines for testing and labeling UVA protection around the world, controversies associated with nanoparticles, and future sunscreens actives waiting for the Food and Drug Administration approval. Lastly, we reviewed alternative agents, such as antioxidants, that can be used to supplement and augment photoprotection provided by sunscreens.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1111/j.1529-8019.2009.01289.x

Cites

133 of 133 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

9 of 153 cited sources checked · 1 supported · 1 flagged · accuracy not yet measured

  • Premisecitation

    Only 75% of fabrics were able to deliver a sufficient degree of protection from UV radiation.

    “Gambichler et al. showed that 1/3 of summer clothing provided poor protection from UV radiation, and only 75 % of fabrics were able to deliver a sufficient degree of protection (12).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [12] Gambichler, 2001, Protection against ultraviolet radiation by commercial summer clothing: need for standardised testing and labelling, BMC Dermatol source

      The Results and Discussion report that only 113 of 236 fabrics (48%) met the European standard for sufficient UV protection (UPF 30+), not 75%. The paper does support the citing sentence’s separate statement that about one-third provided insufficient protection, but that does not support the attributed 75% figure. (LLM, conf=0.90)

      Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Premisecitation

    Gambichler et al. showed that 1/3 of summer clothing provided poor protection from UV radiation.

    “Gambichler et al. showed that 1/3 of summer clothing provided poor protection from UV radiation, and only 75 % of fabrics were able to deliver a sufficient degree of protection (12).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [12] Gambichler, 2001, Protection against ultraviolet radiation by commercial summer clothing: need for standardised testing and labelling, BMC Dermatol source

      The Results and Discussion section (page unavailable) reports that 78 fabrics (33%) had insufficient UV protection, supporting the one-third claim. The cited sentence also attributes a 75% figure to the paper, but its Results report 48% meeting the recommended UPF 30+ standard, not 75%. (LLM, conf=0.90)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Premisecitation

    The degree of UV protection offered by clothing and hats varies.

    “As expected, the degree of UV protection offered by clothing and hats varies.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [12] Gambichler, 2001, Protection against ultraviolet radiation by commercial summer clothing: need for standardised testing and labelling, BMC Dermatol source

      The Abstract Results report a wide range of UV protection factors among summer clothing fabrics, supporting variation in clothing protection. The passages do not address hats, so the claim’s extension to hats is not supported by our copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Premisecitation

    Certain colors, such as blue and black, can enhance UV protection.

    “Certain colors, such as blue and black, can enhance UV protection (12,20).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [12] Gambichler, 2001, Protection against ultraviolet radiation by commercial summer clothing: need for standardised testing and labelling, BMC Dermatol source
    • cites [20] Wang, 2001, Reduction of ultraviolet transmission through cotton T-shirt fabrics with low ultraviolet protection by various laundering methods and dyeing: clinical implications, J Am Acad Dermatol source
  • Premisecitation

    Magnesium ascorbyl phosphate and ascorbyl-6-palmitate can be converted into active L-ascorbic acid in cell cultures.

    “Common substitutes include magnesium ascorbyl phosphate and ascorbyl-6-palmitate, both of which can be converted into the active L-ascorbic acid in cell cultures (123).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [123] Nayama, 1999, Protective effects of sodium-L-ascorbyl-2 phosphate on the development of UVB-induced damage in cultured mouse skin, Biol Pharm Bull source

      The introduction (p. 1) says an ascorbic-acid 2-phosphate ester can be taken up by cells and converted to ascorbic acid, and the study reports this conversion for sodium-L-ascorbyl-2 phosphate in cultured mouse skin. The Discussion (p. 4) mentions magnesium L-ascorbyl-2-phosphate only in connection with absorption into cadaver skin; it does not establish its conversion in cell cultures. Our copy does not address ascorbyl-6-palmitate. (LLM, conf=0.85)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 19
  • May combine two claims. 33

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    It is recommended that patients with polymorphic light eruption use broad spectrum sunscreens to reduce the frequency of flares.

    “For example, it is recommended that patients with polymorphic light eruption use broad spectrum sunscreens to reduce the frequency of flares (52).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [52] Schleyer, 2008, Prevention of polymorphic light eruption with a sunscreen of very high protection level against UVB and UVA radiation under standardized photodiagnostic conditions, Acta Derm Venereol source

      The Abstract and Discussion report that a sunscreen with very high UVA and UVB protection prevented PLE lesions during standardized photoprovocation. They do not establish that broad-spectrum sunscreens generally reduce the frequency of flares in everyday use; the Discussion says further studies under daily sun-exposure conditions are needed. (LLM, conf=0.84)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Oxybenzone is not photostable and can generate oxygen radicals upon UV exposure.

    “Lastly, oxybenzone is not photostable and can generate oxygen radicals upon UV exposure (85).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [85] Schallreuter, 1996, Oxybenzone oxidation following solar irradiation of skin: photoprotection versus antioxidant inactivation, J Invest Dermatol source

      The paper reports that oxybenzone is unstable in normal sunlight and rapidly photo-oxidizes to a reactive semiquinone (Abstract; discussion accompanying Figure 3, page unavailable). It does not show that oxybenzone generates oxygen radicals upon UV exposure; its mentions of reactive oxygen species concern UV exposure or normal metabolism more generally. (LLM, conf=0.87)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The UPF standard was first developed and published in Australia in 1996.

    “This standard was first developed and published in Australia in 1996 (14), and it was later adopted and refined by the European Committee for Standardization in 2003 (16).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [14] Standards Australia International Ltd, 1996, Sun-protective clothing: evaluation and classification. Sidney, New South Wales.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    To attain the UPF of any clothing, UV transmission through the clothing is measured with a spectrophotometer.

    “To attain the UPF of any clothing, UV transmission through the clothing is measured with a spectrophotometer (13)(14).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites (13)(14)

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    UPF is calculated based on the amount of UV transmission at each wavelength and the erythema response from each spectra of the UV.

    “UPF is then calculated based on the amount of UV transmission at each wavelength and the erythema response from each spectra of the UV (15).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [15] McKinlay, 1987, A reference action spectrum for ultraviolet induced erythema in human skin, CIE J

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Harsh treatment from bleaching chemicals damages fabric materials and creates new or enlarges existing interstices in clothing, resulting in additional UV transmission.

    “Harsh treatment from the chemical damages the fabric materials and creates new or enlarges existing interstices in the clothing, resulting in additional UV transmission.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    A recent meta-analysis concluded that sunscreen use is safe and does not increase the risk for developing melanoma.

    “A recent meta-analysis concluded that sunscreens use is safe, and sunscreens use does not increase the risk for developing melanoma (49).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [49] Dennis, 2003, Sunscreen use and the risk for melanoma: a quantitative review, Ann Intern Med source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The European standard did not factor in the effect of stretching and wetness in the UPF assessment.

    “However, the standard did not factor in the effect of stretching and wetness in the UPF assessment; the Committee felt that clothing with a UPF > 40 would be adequate to compensate for these factors.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [16] Gambichler, 2006, The European standard for sun-protective clothing: EN 13758, J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol source

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    Decreasing the particle size of ZnO and TiO2 leads to less scattering of visible light and improvement in cosmetic appearance.

    “Decreasing the size leads to less scattering of visible light and improvement in the cosmetic appearance.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The European Committee for Standardization stipulated that clothing with a UPF label must cover the area from the neck to the hip, across the shoulders, and three quarters of the upper arm.

    “The Committee stipulated the clothing with UPF label must cover the area from the neck to the hip, across the shoulders, and three quarters of the upper arm.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [16] Gambichler, 2006, The European standard for sun-protective clothing: EN 13758, J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    ANSI Z80.3 2008 is voluntary, and manufacturers are not compelled to build or label their products according to it.

    “However, this standard (ANSI Z80.3 2008) is voluntary, and manufacturers are not compelled to build or label their products accord- (36,37).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [36] Leow, 1995, V-protective sunglasses for UVA irradiation protection, Int J Dermatol source
    • cites [37] Semes, 1991, UV-A absorbing characteristics of commercial sunglasses intended for recreational and general use, J Am Optom Assoc

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The popularity of sunscreens may be attributed to recommendations from physicians and marketing actions from the sun care and cosmetic industry.

    “The popularity may be attributed to the recommendation from physicians (44) and marketing actions from the sun care and cosmetic industry (45).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [44] Balk, 2004, Counseling parents and children on sun protection: a national survey of pediatricians, Pediatrics source
    • cites [45] Draelos, 2008, The cosmeceutical realm, Clin Dermatol source

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    Diffey et al. suggested that most sunscreens in the past offered no or little UVA protection.

    “Diffey et al. summarized this well in suggesting that most sunscreens in the past offered no or little UVA protection (50).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [50] Diffey, 2005, Sunscreens and melanoma: the future looks bright, Br J Dermatol source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Both cortical cataract and pterygium predominately involve the nasal aspect of the eye.

    “In fact, both cortical cataract and the pterygium predominately involve the nasal aspect of the eye (38,39)”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [38] Dain, 2003, Sunglasses and sunglass standards, Clin Exp Optom source
    • cites [39] Sliney, 1994, Epidemiological studies of sunlight and cataract: the critical factor of ultraviolet exposure geometry, Ophthalmic Epidemiol source

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The lateral and inferior portions of the eyes are often poorly shielded by most sunglasses, which can lead to passage of UV rays from these angles.

    “The lateral and inferior portions are often poorly shielded, which can lead to passage of UV rays from these angles.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Most sunglasses are designed for fashion purposes, and only the anterior and superior sides of the eyes are protected.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    According to ANSI Z80.3 2008, cosmetic category lenses require light transmittance >40% while restricting UVB rays to 12.5% of light transmittance and <1% of total UVB under normal and prolonged use, respectively.

    “For example, according to this standard guideline, lenses in the cosmetic category require the light transmittance to be >40% while restricting UVB rays to be 12.5% of the light transmittance and <1% of total UVB under normal and prolonged use, respectively.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites ANSI Z80.3 2008

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    A cutoff of 40+ was set as the minimum UPF value allowed.

    “In addition, a cutoff of 40+ was set as the minimum UPF value allowed.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [16] Gambichler, 2006, The European standard for sun-protective clothing: EN 13758, J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The UPF standard was later adopted and refined by the European Committee for Standardization in 2003.

    “This standard was first developed and published in Australia in 1996 (14), and it was later adopted and refined by the European Committee for Standardization in 2003 (16).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [16] Gambichler, 2006, The European standard for sun-protective clothing: EN 13758, J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    According to ANSI Z80.3 2008, special purpose lenses permit 3-8% light transmittance and <1% of total UVB transmission.

    “In comparison, special purpose lenses permit 3-8% light transmittance and <1% of total UVB transmission.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites ANSI Z80.3 2008

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Polyester and wool offer the highest UV absorbing capacity, and they have higher UPF values than cotton, linen, and rayon.

    “Polyester and wool offer the highest UV absorbing capacity, and they have higher UPF values than cotton, linen, and rayon (18)(19).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites (18)(19)

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Optical brighteners are found in many household laundry detergents.

    “These compounds absorb UV rays and increase UPF values, and they are found in many household laundry detergents (9,25).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [9] Hatch, 2006, Garments as solar ultraviolet radiation screening materials, Dermatol Clin source
    • cites [25] Zhou, 1998, Effect of OBAs and repeated launderings on UVR transmission throgh fabrics, textile Chemist and Colorist

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    ZnO offers protection extending to the UVA I (up to 380 nm) range, but the magnitude of UV protection from ZnO is low compared with other organic UV filters.

    “Finally, ZnO offers protection extending to the UVA I (up to 380 nm) range ( 55), but the magnitude of UV protection from ZnO is low compared with other organic UV filters.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [55] Pinnell, 2000, Microfine zinc oxide is a superior sunscreen ingredient to microfine titanium dioxide, Dermatol Surg source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Optical brighteners absorb UV rays and increase UPF values.

    “These compounds absorb UV rays and increase UPF values, and they are found in many household laundry detergents (9,25).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [9] Hatch, 2006, Garments as solar ultraviolet radiation screening materials, Dermatol Clin source
    • cites [25] Zhou, 1998, Effect of OBAs and repeated launderings on UVR transmission throgh fabrics, textile Chemist and Colorist

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Oxybenzone has been regarded as the most allergic agent and has been implicated in many contact and photoallergic dermatitis cases.

    “First, this active has been regarded as the most allergic agent and has been implicated for many contact and photoallergic dermatitis (82,83).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [82] Schauder, 1997, Contact and photocontact sensitivity to sunscreens. Review of a 15-year experience and of the literature, Contact Dermatitis source
    • cites [83] Deleo, 2004, Photocontact dermatitis, Dermatol Ther source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    Modern sunscreen products offer more balanced protection from UVB and UVA compared to old generations, but significant progress to improve UVA protection is still needed in the United States.

    “In comparision to old generations of sunscreens, modern products offer more balanced protection from UVB and UVA, but significant progress to improve UVA protection is still needed in the United States.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: In the United States, there is currently no testing or labeling guideline for UVA protection.
    • Rests on an assumption: US sunscreen manufacturers have fewer actives, especially UVA filters, compared with Europe and Australia.
    • Rests on an assumption: The allowable concentration of avobenzone in the United States is 3%, compared with 5% in Europe.
    • Rests on an assumption: Avobenzone cannot be combined with inorganic filters.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    OMC is water resistant and has low skin irritancy potential.

    “Other attributes that make this chemical appealing to the sunscreen formulators are its water resistant property and low skin irritancy potential (77).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [77] Nash, 2006, Human safety and efficacy of ultraviolet filters and sunscreen products, Dermatol Clin source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Vitamin C is the predominant antioxidant in the skin, with concentration reaching 15 times that of glutathione, 200 times that of Vitamin E, and 1000 times that of ubiquinol/ubiquinone.

    “Vitamin C (L-ascorbic acid) is the predominant AOs in the skin with concentration reaching 15 times that of glutathione, 200 times that of Vitamin E and 1000 times that of ubiquinol/ubiquinone (120).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [120] Shindo, 1994, Enzymic and non-enzymic antioxidants in epidermis and dermis of human skin, J Invest Dermatol source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Topical application of a-tocopherol has demonstrated reduction in erythema, photoaging, photocarcinogenesis, and immunosuppression.

    “Topical application of a-tocopherol has demonstrated a number of protective effects including reduction in erythema (124), photoaging (125), photocarcinogenesis (111), and immunosuppression (110).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [124] Roshchupkin, 1979, Inhibition of ultraviolet light-induced erythema by antioxidants, Arch Dermatol Res source
    • cites [125] Jurkiewicz, 1995, Effect of topically applied tocopherol on ultraviolet radiation-mediated free radical damage in skin, J Invest Dermatol source
    • cites [111] Burke, 2000, Effects of topical and oral vitamin E on pigmentation and skin cancer induced by ultraviolet irradiation in Skh:2 hairless mice, Nutr Cancer source

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    These TiO2 particles were not cytotoxic, phototoxic, genotoxic, or photogenotoxic.

    “Their conclusion suggested these TiO2 particles were not cytotoxic, phototoxic, genotoxic, or photogenotoxic.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [69] Nohynek, 2007, Grey goo on the skin? Nanotechnology, cosmetic and sunscreen safety, Crit Rev Toxicol source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Oxybenzone has systemic absorption and is detected in urine and blood stream.

    “Second, the compound has systemic absorption and is detected in urine and blood stream (84).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [84] Janjua, 2004, Systemic absorption of the sunscreens benzophenone-3, octyl-methoxycinnamate, and 3-(4-methyl-benzylidene) camphor after whole-body topical application and reproductive hormone levels in humans, J Invest Dermatol source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Octocrylene has an excellent safety profile with low irritation, phototoxicity, and photoallergic potential.

    “The compound has an excellent safety profile with low irritation, phototoxicity and photoallergic potential (77).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [77] Nash, 2006, Human safety and efficacy of ultraviolet filters and sunscreen products, Dermatol Clin source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Topical silymarin has been shown to inhibit UVB-induced sunburn cells, prevent UVB-induced pyrimidine dimers, and reduce the number of UVB-induced tumors in mice.

    “Topical silymarin has been shown to inhibit UVB-induced sunburn cells (97), prevent UVBinduced pyrimidine dimers (131), and reduce the number of UVB-induced tumors in mice (97).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [97] Katiyar, 1997, Protective effects of silymarin against photocarcinogenesis in a mouse skin model, J Natl Cancer Inst source
    • cites [131] Chatterjee, 1996, Ultraviolet B radiation-induced DNA lesions in mouse epidermis: an assessment using a novel 32P-postlabelling technique, Biochem Biophys Res Commun source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    PABA was the first UVB filter widely used in the United States.

    “Para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) was the first UVB filter widely used in the United States (72).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [72] Scherschun, 2001, Photoprotection by sunscreens, Am J Clin Dermatol source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The combination of 15% L-ascorbic acid and 1% a-tocopherol provided a fourfold increase in protection against UV-induced erythema and thymine dimer formation, as depleted vitamin E is regenerated by vitamin C.

    “The combination of 15% L-ascorbic acid and 1% a-tocopherol provided a fourfold increase in protection against UV-induced erythema and thymine dimer formation (126) as the depleted vitamin E is regenerated by vitamin C.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [126] Lin, 2003, UV photoprotection by combination topical antioxidants vitamin C and vitamin E, J Am Acad Dermatol source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Upon UV exposure, electrons of organic compounds are energized and jump to an excited and unstable state; in time, they return to ground and stable state and release energy in the form of heat.

    “Upon UV exposure, electrons of these compounds are energized and jump to an excited and unstable state.In time, the electrons return to their ground and stable state and release the energy in the form of heat (10).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [10] Bech-Thomsen, 1992, Sunbathers' application of sunscreen is probably inadequate to obtain the sun protection factor assigned to the preparation, Photodermatol Photoimmunol Photomed

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In the reaction between avobenzone and octinoxate, both avobenzone and octinoxate are destroyed, leading to loss of both UVA and UVB protection.

    “In this process, both avobenzone and octinoxate are destroyed, which lead to loss of both UVA and UVB protection (87).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [87] Chatelain, 2001, Photostabilization of butyl methoxydibenzoylmethane (Avobenzone) and ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate by bis-ethylhexyloxyphenol methoxyphenyl triazine (Tinosorb S), a new UV broadband filter, Photochem Photobiol source

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Current studies suggest that these nanoparticles do not show an increased penetration and have a good safety profile.

    “Current studies suggest that these nanoparticles do not show an increased penetration and have a good safety profile.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Sunscreen preparations containing nano-sized TiO2 and ZnO are not toxic, irritating, sensitizing or photosensitizing after topical application.

    “The results suggested that these materials are not toxic, irritating, sensitizing or photosensitizing after topical application (70,71).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [70] 70. SCCNFP., 2000. Opinion of the Scientific Committee on Cosmetic Products and Non-Food Products Intended for Consumers Concerning Titanium Dioxide. 24 October, 2000, EuropeanCommission, Brussels, Belgium. http://ec.europa.eu/health/phrisk/committees/04sccp/04sccpen.htm.

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [71] 71. SCCNFP., (2003a). Opinion of the Scientific Committee on Cosmetic Products and Non-Food Products Intended for Consumers concerning Zinc Oxide COLIPA No. S 76. 24-25 June, 2003. European Commission, Brussels, Belgium. http://ec.europa.eu/health/phrisk/committees/04sccp/04sccpen.htm.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Tea polyphenols, specifically epigallocatechin-3-gallate, have anti-inflammatory and anticarcinogenic effects and can inhibit collagenase activity.

    “Aside from the AO functions, tea polyphenols, specifically epigallocatechin-3gallate, also have anti-inflammatory and anticarcinogenic effects (112,117) and can inhibit collagenase activity.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [112] Katiyar, 1999, Polyphenolic antioxidant (−)-epigallocatechin-3-gallate from green tea reduces UVB-induced inflammatory responses and infiltration of leukocytes in human skin, Photochem Photobiol source
    • cites [117] Wang, 1991, Protection against ultraviolet B radiation-induced photocarcinogenesis in hairless mice by green tea polyphenols, Carcinogenesis source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The combination of OMC and avobenzone is photolabile and compromises overall UV protection.

    “The combination of OMC and avobenzone is photolabile and compromises the overall UV protection (78).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [78] Dondi, 2006, Interactions between different solar UVB/UVA filters contained in commercial suncreams and consequent loss of UV protection, Photochem Photobiol Sci source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    Alternative agents such as antioxidants, which work by a different mechanism, can be used to supplement and augment photoprotection provided by sunscreens.

    “Lastly, alternative agents such as AOs, which work by a different mechanism, can be used to supplement and augment photoprotection provided by sunscreens.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Current photoprotection strategies are not widely adopted by the general public, and even those who use sunscreens do not achieve complete protection, resulting in subclinical and clinical damage to the skin.
    • Rests on an assumption: The public and medical community do not regard topical antioxidants as part of photoprotection agents.
    • Rests on an assumption: Physiological barriers limit adequate levels of antioxidants from diet and oral supplements to be delivered to the skin.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Bisoctrizole offers broad spectrum coverage with two absorption peaks at 303 and 360 nm.

    “This molecule offers a broad spectrum coverage with two absorption peaks at 303 and 360 nm (88).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [88] Herzog, 2005

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Salicylates are weak UVB absorbers, and high concentrations are needed to meet the SPF requirement.

    “They are considered to be weak UVB absorbers, and high concentrations of compounds are needed to meet the SPF requirement (79).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [79] Roelandts, 1998, Shedding light on sunscreens, Clin Exp Dermatol source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    The impending passage of the new FDA guideline on testing and labeling UVA protection and the potential approval of new filters have the potential to stimulate the sunscreen industry to produce better products.

    “The impending passage of the new FDA guideline on testing and labeling UVA protection and the potential approval of new filters have the potential to stimulate the sunscreen industry to produce better products.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: In the United States, there is currently no testing or labeling guideline for UVA protection.
    • Rests on an assumption: US sunscreen manufacturers have fewer actives, especially UVA filters, compared with Europe and Australia.
    • Rests on an assumption: The allowable concentration of avobenzone in the United States is 3%, compared with 5% in Europe.
    • Rests on an assumption: Avobenzone cannot be combined with inorganic filters.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    There is growing convergence towards a general principle of testing and labeling for UVA protection, and in many cases products fulfilling criteria in one region would also satisfy criteria in other countries or regions.

    “Despite these diverse standards across the globe, there is a growing convergence towards the general principle of testing and labeling for UVA protection, and in many cases, products that fulfilled the criteria in one region would also satisfy the criteria in other countries or regions (81).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [81] Wang, 2008, In vitro assessments of UVA protection by popular sunscreens available in the United States, J Am Acad Dermatol source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Trolamine salicylate is water soluble and has been used in hair products.

    “Trolamine salicylate is water soluble and has been used in hair products (80).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [80] Kullavanijaya, 2005, Photoprotection. J Am Acad Dermatol source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The presumed mechanism is production of hydroxyl radicals from TiO2 after UV exposure, which leads to DNA strand breakage.

    “The presumed mechanism is the production of hydroxyl radicals from TiO 2 after UV exposure, which leads to DNA strand breakage (68).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [68] Serpone, 2001, Deleterious effects of sunscreeen titanium dioxide napnoparticles on DNA: efforts to limit DNA damage by particle surface modification, Proc SPIE source
47 of 47

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    UVB (290 to 320 nm) directly damages cellular DNA, leading to the formation of 6-4 cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers.

    “UVB (290 to 320 nm) directly damages the cellular DNA leading to the formation of the 6-4 cyclobutane pyrimidine dimmers”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    UVA (320 to 400 nm) indirectly damages DNA via the production of oxygen radical species.

    “UVA (320 to 400 nm) indirectly damages the DNA via the production of oxygen radical species.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    UVB (290 to 320 nm) is the major wavelength that causes sunburn.

    “UVB (290 to 320 nm) is the major wavelength that causes sunburn”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    UVA (320 to 400 nm) penetrates deeper into the skin layer than UVB.

    “By contrast, UVA (320 to 400 nm) penetrates deeper into the skin layer”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    UV radiation plays a major role in the acceleration of photoaging.

    “UV radiation also plays a major role in the acceleration of the photoaging.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Chronic UV exposure is linked to the development of actinic keratosis, squamous cell cancer, and basal cell cancer.

    “Chronic UV exposure has been linked to the development of actinic keratosis, squamous cell cancer, and basal cell cancer”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Intermittent and intense UV exposure is associated with the development of melanoma.

    “whereas intermittent and intense UV exposure is associated with the development of melanoma”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Clothing and hats offer balanced and uniform protection for both UVA and UVB.

    “First, clothing and hats offer a balanced and uniformed protection for both UVA and UVB.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Most sunscreens available in the United States preferentially deliver more UVB protection.

    “By contrast, most of sunscreens available in the United States preferentially deliver more UVB protection.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Sunscreen users need to apply sunscreen 30 minutes prior to going outdoors and reapply it every 2 hours.

    “a user needs to apply sunscreens 30 minutes prior to going outdoors and reapply them every 2 hours”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Sunscreen application requirements are often ignored or forgotten.

    “requirements that are often ignored or forgotten.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The degree of protection offered by sunscreens depends on application of the correct amount of the product.

    “Furthermore, the degree of protection offered by sunscreens depends on application of the correct amount of the product.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Clothing and hats are devoid of complications such as contact or photoallergic dermatitis.

    “and they are devoid of any complications such as contact or photoallergic dermatitis.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Most regulatory agencies around the world have adopted UPF as a measurement standard for UV protection by garment.

    “To accurately and quantitatively measure UV protection by garment, most regulatory agencies around the world have adopted the UV protection factor (UPF) as a measurement standard.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Polyester retains heat, and it is not a comfortable material.

    “However, polyester retains heat, and it is not a comfortable material.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Gaps or holes between individual fibers permit direct access for UV transmission.

    “Gaps or holes between individual fibers permit direct access for UV transmission”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    UV radiation passing through the fiber (especially cotton) is normally more important than gaps or holes for UV transmission.

    “but the UV radiation passing through the fiber (especially cotton) is normally more important.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Sunglasses can protect the eye from UV damage.

    “Sunglasses can protect the eye from UV damage.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Most ocular damages from UV radiation result from scattered and reflected light from the periphery.

    “Most ocular damages from UV radiation result from scattered and reflected light from the periphery.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    In extreme conditions, indirect UV rays bounce off the ground, snow, water, and sand.

    “In extreme conditions, indirect UV rays bounce off the ground, snow, water, and sand.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Most sunglasses are designed for fashion purposes, and only the anterior and superior sides of the eyes are protected.

    “However, most sunglasses are designed for fashion purposes, and only the anterior and superior sides of the eyes are protected.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Most ocular damages occur during the morning and late afternoon when incident rays are parallel to the pupil axis.

    “In fact, most ocular damages occur during the morning and late afternoon when the incident rays are parallel to the pupil axis.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    During peak hours, the brow ridge and eyelid shield the eye from UV rays.

    “During the peak hour, the brow ridge and eyelid shield the eye from the UV rays.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Squinting and pupillary constriction reduce UV transmission to the eye.

    “In addition, the squinting mechanism minimizes area of exposure on the ocular surface, and pupil contracts to reduce UV transmission.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    During off-peak hours, UV rays bypass the defense of the brow ridge and eyelid.

    “In contrast, during the off-peak hours, the UV incident angle is low and the UV rays bypass the defense of the brow ridge and eyelid.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    During off-peak hours, squinting and pupillary constriction are not initiated because light intensity is weaker.

    “In addition, the squinting and pupillary constriction mechanisms are not initiated because the light intensity is weaker.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Seeking shade and wearing protective clothing provide more protection than sunscreens.

    “even though seeking shade and wearing protective clothing provide more protection.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Epidemiologic studies on sunscreen use and melanoma risk are mixed, with some showing preventive benefit and others showing increased risk.

    “Epidemiologic studies are mixed with some showing preventive benefit, whereas others showing an increased risk for developing melanoma.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    UV exposure accelerates tell-tale signs of aging.

    “Many tell-tale signs of aging, such as the formation of wrinkles, appearance of pigmentations, dilation of blood vessels, and loss of collagen, are accelerated by UV exposure.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Many first line treatments of photodermatoses involve the use of sunscreens.

    “In addition, many first line treatments of photodermatoses involve the use of sunscreens.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Laundry chemicals such as Tinosorb FD serve as UV absorbers and chemically bind to individual fibers of clothing with each subsequent wash.

    “Similarly to the optical brighteners, there are laundry chemicals (e.g., Tinosorb FD) that serve as UV absorbers, which chemically bind to the individual fibers of clothing with each subsequent wash.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Optical brighteners are conjugated products that absorb UV energy and release it as fluorescence in the visible wavelength range.

    “Optical brighteners are conjugated products that absorb UV energy and release the energy in the form of fluorescence in the visible wavelength range.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    In the United States, only two inorganic filters, TiO2 and ZnO, are approved by the FDA.

    “Currently, in the United States, there are only two inorganic filters, titanium dioxide (TiO2) and zinc oxide (ZnO), approved by the FDA.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    TiO2 and ZnO are photostable, yielding predictable photoprotection after UV exposure.

    “Both actives are photostable, yielding sunscreen products with predictable degrees of photoprotection after UV exposure.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Some organic actives, such as avobenzone, are photolabile and may lose 50% of photoprotective property after 1 hour of UV exposure if not stabilized properly.

    “By contrast, some organic actives, such as avobenzone, are photolabile and may lose 50% of photoprotective property after 1 hour of UV exposure if not stabilized properly.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    TiO2 and ZnO have low allergenic potential and low rates of sensitization.

    “Both TiO2 and ZnO have low allergenic potential and low rates of sensitization.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The public's reluctance to embrace inorganic sunscreens is largely caused by the large particle size and high refractive indices of TiO2 and ZnO, which result in unsatisfactory whitening appearance.

    “The reluctance is largely caused by the large particle size and high refractive indices of both TiO2 (refractive index = 2.6) and ZnO (refractive index = 1.9), which result in unsatisfactory whitening appearance.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Large particles and poor dispersion create a gritty sensation when sunscreens dry, and the opaque nature and occlusive qualities of these products are comedogenic.

    “Aside from the cosmetic shortcomings, large particles and poor dispersion also create a gritty sensation when the sunscreens dry.Lastly, the opaque nature and occlusive qualities of these products are comedogenic.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Nanomaterials exhibit new optical, mechanical and electrical properties vastly different from conventional-sized counterparts, which can lead to unpredictable outcomes when they interact with biological tissues.

    “Partially because of the massive increase in surface area-to-volume ratio, nanomaterials exhibit new optical, mechanical and electrical properties that are vastly different from their conventional-sized counterparts.These new properties can also lead to unpredictable outcomes when they interact with biological tissues.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Nano-sized ZnO and TiO2 provide superior UV protection while further eliminating unsightly white residues.

    “In the case of sunscreen, nano-sized ZnO and TiO2 provide superior UV protection while further eliminating the unsightly white residues.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Titanium dioxide particles with size in the 20-30 nm range provide optimal UV absorption/scattering properties, whereas zinc oxide particles with size from 60 to 120 nm offer the most favorable UV protection.

    “Titanium dioxide particles with size in the 20-to 30-nm range provide the optimal UV absorption/ scattering properties, whereas zinc oxide particles with size from 60 to 120 nm offer the most favorable UV protection.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Nanoparticles often form larger aggregates and conglomerates once incorporated in the final sunscreen formulation.

    “Nanoparticles often form larger aggregates and conglomerates once incorporated in the final sunscreen formulation.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Most studies on nanoparticle penetration are focused on healthy skin with intact stratum corneum.

    “Lastly, it is worth mentioning that most studies are focused on healthy skin with intact stratum corneum.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    TiO2 and ZnO have low intrinsic toxicity profile.

    “TiO2 and ZnO have low intrinsic toxicity profile.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Both TiO2 and ZnO have been on the market for many decades, and both have low or no incidence of adverse skin or systemic effects.

    “Both compounds have been on the market for many decades, and both have low or no incidence of adverse skin or systemic effects.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Zn is an essential nutrient with known health benefits, and Ti has been used in many food additives.

    “Furthermore, Zn is considered as an essential nutrient with known health benefits, and Ti has been used in many food additives.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Currently, there is no regulation in the United States regarding testing and labeling standards for sunscreens with nano-TiO2 and ZnO.

    “Currently, there is no regulation in the United States regarding the testing and labeling standards for sunscreens with nano-TiO2 and ZnO.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Organic chemicals absorb UV radiation through their conjugated aromatic ring structures.

    “In contrast to inorganic sunscreen agents, organic chemicals absorb UV radiation through their conjugated aromatic ring structures.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    PABA's peak absorption wavelength is 283 nm.

    “The peak absorption wavelength is 283 nm.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    PABA is not soluble and binds tightly to keratinocytes via hydrogen bond.

    “The agent is not soluble and binds tightly to the keratinocytes via hydrogen bond.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    In some diseases, such as psoriasis, hyperkeratosis leads to reduced penetration.

    “In some diseases, such as psoriasis, hyperkeratosis leads to reduced penetration.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The penetration of molecules through the stratum corneum depends on factors such as concentration and molecule size.

    “From research in the field of transdermal drug delivery, it is known that the penetration of molecules through the stratum corneum depends on a number of factors, such as the concentration and molecule size.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Small compounds with a molecular weight between 163 and 357 Da (molecular size between 0.8 and 1.6 nm) can penetrate the skin barrier with ease.

    “Small compounds with a molecular weight between 163 and 357 Da (molecular size between 0.8 and 1.6 nm) can penetrate the skin barrier with ease.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    In the United States, there is currently no testing or labeling guideline for UVA protection.

    “In the United States, currently there is no testing or labeling guideline.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    US sunscreen manufacturers have fewer actives, especially UVA filters, compared with Europe and Australia.

    “Compared with Europe and Australia, US sunscreen manufacturers have fewer numbers of actives, especially UVA filters.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The allowable concentration of avobenzone in the United States is 3%, compared with 5% in Europe.

    “In addition, the allowable concentration of avobenzone is 3% compared with 5% in Europe.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Avobenzone cannot be combined with inorganic filters.

    “Lastly, avobenzone cannot be combined with inorganic filters.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Current photoprotection strategies are not widely adopted by the general public, and even those who use sunscreens do not achieve complete protection, resulting in subclinical and clinical damage to the skin.

    “Current photoprotection strategies are not widely adopted by the general public, and even those who use sunscreens do not achieve complete protection, which results in subclinical and clinical damages to the skin.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The public and medical community do not regard topical antioxidants as part of photoprotection agents.

    “However, the public and medical community do not regard these actives as a part of photoprotection agents.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Physiological barriers limit adequate levels of antioxidants from diet and oral supplements to be delivered to the skin.

    “Although AOs can be supplemented through diet and oral supplements, physiological barriers limit adequate level to be delivered to the skin.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Many antioxidants are deeply colored, making them cosmetically unacceptable.

    “Many AOs are deeply colored, making them cosmetically unacceptable.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    OMC is the most potent UVB absorber widely used in the United States and worldwide.

    “OMC is the most potent UVB absorber widely used in the United States and worldwide.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Avobenzone is the most powerful organic filter in the United States that extends protection into long-range UVA I rays.

    “In the United States, this is the most powerful organic filter that extends protection into the long-range UVA I rays.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Octocrylene is regarded as the best photostabilizer for avobenzone available in the United States.

    “However, because it is regarded as the best photostabilizer for avobenzone available in the United States, octocrylene has become increasingly popular among the sunscreen manufacturers.”
64 of 64

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Nanoparticles remain in the stratum corneum and do not penetrate into the skin.

    “Recently, it was reported that nanoparticles remain in the stratum corneum and do not penetrate into the skin [65].”

    From UV Filters: Challenges and Prospects (2022) · cites this paper as [65]

    The Inorganic sunscreens section reports that nano-sized TiO2 and ZnO in sunscreens generally remain at the stratum corneum level. The claim is broader and more absolute than the source: it refers to nanoparticles generally and says they do not penetrate into the skin, while the source notes findings in follicular openings and superficial follicles. Page numbers are not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.87)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Commercial clothing may have inadequate UPF, and patients should use sun-protective clothing labeled with UPF of 40 or higher to provide additional photoprotection.

    “Commercial clothing may have inadequate UV protection factor (UPF), and patients should use sun-protective clothing labeled with UPF of 40 or higher to provide additional photoprotection [125, 126].”

    From Photoprotection for skin of color (2022) · cites this paper as [126]

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • Octinoxate peak absorption differs between text and table

    Major

    The text gives octinoxate's peak absorption as 320 nm, while Table 4 gives 311 nm.

  • Bisoctrizole peak absorption differs between text and table

    Minor

    The text places one bisoctrizole absorption peak at 303 nm, whereas Table 5 places it at 305 nm.

  • Octocrylene peak absorption differs between text and table

    Minor

    The text reports a peak of 307 nm for octocrylene, but Table 4 reports 303 nm.

3 of 3

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 4

  1. Standards Australia International Ltd, 1996, Sun-protective clothing: evaluation and classification. Sidney, New South Wales., 439
  2. McKinlay, 1987, A reference action spectrum for ultraviolet induced erythema in human skin, CIE J, 6, 17
  3. Zhou, 1998, Effect of OBAs and repeated launderings on UVR transmission throgh fabrics, textile Chemist and Colorist, 30, 19
  4. Herzog, 2005, Sunscreen: regulations and commercial development, 291

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Wang, S. Q., Balagula, Y., & Osterwalder, U.
Affiliations
Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (US)
Corresponding author
Wang, Steven Q.
ORCID
Venue
Dermatologic Therapy
Publisher
Wiley
Published
2010-01
Volume
23
Issue
1
Pages
31-47
ISSN
  • 1396-0296 (ISSN-L)
  • 1529-8019
DOI
10.1111/j.1529-8019.2009.01289.x
OpenAlex
W2143478109
Cited by
294
References
132
Citations by year
2026: 10 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 29 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 22 · 2014: 25 · 2013: 19 · 2012: 17
FWCI
18.18
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
doi.wiley.com/10.1002/tdm_license_1.1 (tdm, 2069 d)
Locations
  • Dermatologic Therapy (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Skin Protection and Aging
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Photodynamic Therapy Research Studies
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Insect Science › Bee Products Chemical Analysis
Keywords
photoprotection, ultraviolet radiation, UV-B radiation, UVA, DNA damage, cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers, photoaging, skin cancer
MeSH terms
Animals, Cataract, Clothing, Eye Protective Devices, Humans, Keratoconjunctivitis, Macular Degeneration

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-28.

Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-28.

Cited sources are checked by gpt-6-sol.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

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