Validation of equations used to predict plasma osmolality in a healthy adult cohort
Open accessAbstract
Background Plasma osmometry and the osmol gap have long been used to provide clinicians with important diagnostic and prognostic patient information. Objective We compared different equations used for predicting plasma osmolality when its direct measurement was not practical or an osmol gap was of interest and identified the best performers. Design The osmolality of plasma was measured by using freezing point depression by microosmometer and osmolarity calculated from biosensor measures of select analytes according to the dictates of each formula tested. After a rigid analytic prescreen of 36 originally published equations, a bootstrap regression analysis was used to compare shrinkage and model agreement. Results Sixty healthy volunteers provided 163 plasma samples for analysis. Of 36 equations considered, 11 equations met the prescreen variables for the bootstrap regression analysis. Of the 11 equations, 8 equations met shrinkage and apparent model error thresholds, and 5 equations were deemed optimal with an original model osmol gap Conclusions The use of bootstrap regression provides a unique insight for osmolality prediction equation performance from a very large theoretical population of healthy people. Of the original 36 equations evaluated, 5 equations appeared optimal for the prediction of osmolality when its direct measurement was not practical or an osmol gap was of interest. Note that 4 of 5 optimal equations were derived from a nonhealthy population.
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The equation has also been found to be useful in younger adults.
“This equation has also been found to be useful in younger adults (230).”
From ESPEN practical guideline: Clinical nutrition and hydration in geriatrics (2022) · cites this paper as [230]
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Study on preparation and pharmacokinetics of gentiopicroside sustained release preparation
Guo, Y., Lingyu, Y. A. O., Duan, Y., Xin, X., Xia, G., Ma, Y., & Lin, S. (2026) · Pharmaceutical Development and Technology · doi:10.1080/10837450.2026.2669315
Song, Y., Yu, W., & Liu, B. (2026) · Current Problems in Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.cpsurg.2026.102054
- Authors
- Heavens, K. R., Kenefick, R. W., Caruso, E. M., Spitz, M. G., & Cheuvront, S. N.
- Affiliations
- U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine (US)
- ORCID
- Cheuvront, Samuel N
- Venue
- The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2014-11
- Volume
- 100
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 1252-1256
- ISSN
- 0002-9165 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2102890070
- Cited by
- 60
- References
- 51
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 2 · 2015: 2
- FWCI
- 2.41
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Electrolyte and hormonal disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Clinical Laboratory Practices and Quality Control
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Clinical Nutrition and Gastroenterology
- Keywords
- plasma osmolality, equation validation, bootstrap regression, freezing point depression, healthy adults
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Body Height, Body Weight, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Osmolar Concentration, Plasma, Regression Analysis, Reproducibility of Results, Linear Models, Young Adult, Healthy Volunteers
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