The DOI matches its Crossref record; 59 of the 59 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Meta-analysis of the effects of flaxseed interventions on blood lipids
Open accessAbstract
Background Several clinical trials have investigated the effects of flaxseed and flaxseed-derived products (flaxseed oil or lignans) on blood lipids; however, the findings have been inconsistent.Objective We aimed to identify and quantify the effectiveness of flaxseed and its derivatives on blood lipid profiles.Design A comprehensive literature search was performed on the basis of English reports of randomized controlled trials of flaxseed or its derivatives on lipid profiles in adults, which were published from January 1990 to October 2008. Attempts also were made to access unpublished data. Study quality was assessed by using the Jadad score, and a meta-analysis was conducted.Results Twenty-eight studies were included. Flaxseed interventions reduced total and LDL cholesterol by 0.10 mmol/L (95% CI: -0.20, 0.00 mmol/L) and 0.08 mmol/L (95% CI: -0.16, 0.00 mmol/L), respectively; significant reductions were observed with whole flaxseed (-0.21 and -0.16 mmol/L, respectively) and lignan (-0.28 and -0.16 mmol/L, respectively) supplements but not with flaxseed oil. The cholesterol-lowering effects were more apparent in females (particularly postmenopausal women), individuals with high initial cholesterol concentrations, and studies with higher Jadad scores. No significant changes were found in the concentrations of HDL cholesterol and triglycerides.Conclusions Flaxseed significantly reduced circulating total and LDL-cholesterol concentrations, but the changes were dependent on the type of intervention, sex, and initial lipid profiles of the subjects. Further studies are needed to determine the efficiency of flaxseed on lipid profiles in men and premenopausal women and to explore its potential benefits on other cardiometabolic risk factors and prevention of cardiovascular disease.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Another possible explanation was that the effects of flaxseed oil may have been masked by the use of MUFA- or n-6 PUFA–enriched oils as the control regimen in these included studies [63].”
From Comparisons of the effects of different flaxseed products consumption on lipid profiles, inflammatory cytokines and anthropometric indices in patients with dyslipidemia related diseases: systematic review and a dose-response meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (2021) · cites this paper as [63]
In the citing paper
“These findings were completely consistent with that meta-analysis [13, 63].”
From Comparisons of the effects of different flaxseed products consumption on lipid profiles, inflammatory cytokines and anthropometric indices in patients with dyslipidemia related diseases: systematic review and a dose-response meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (2021) · cites this paper as [63]
Citations
Cites
Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions: Cochrane Book Series
(2008) · doi:10.1002/9780470712184 · Cited by 25,048
Assessing the quality of reports of randomized clinical trials: Is blinding necessary?
Jadad, A. R., Moore, R. A., Carroll, D., Jenkinson, C., Reynolds, D. J. M., Gavaghan, D. J., & McQuay, H. J. (1996) · Controlled Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/0197-2456(95)00134-4 · Cited by 17,582
Zhang, Q., Wang, C., Zheng, M., Li, Y., Li, J., Zhang, L., Shang, X., & Yan, C. (2014) · Cerebrovascular Diseases · doi:10.1159/000369778 · Cited by 11,609
Dong, Y., Hao, L., Shi, Z., Wang, G., Zhang, Z., & Han, C. (2013) · Urologia Internationalis · doi:10.1159/000351405 · Cited by 4,557
Simopoulos, A. P. (2008) · Experimental Biology and Medicine · doi:10.3181/0711-mr-311 · Cited by 3,003
Cholesterol-lowering effects of dietary fiber: a meta-analysis
Brown, L., Rosner, B., Willett, W. W., & Sacks, F. M. (1999) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/69.1.30 · Cited by 1,857
Dietary Fat Intake and the Risk of Coronary Heart Disease in Women
Hu, F. B., Stampfer, M. J., Manson, J. E., Rimm, E. B., Colditz, G. A., ROSNER, B. A., Hennekens, C. H., & Willett, W. C. (1997) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm199711203372102 · Cited by 1,774
Advanced methods in meta‐analysis: multivariate approach and meta‐regression
van Houwelingen, H. C., Arends, L. R., & Stijnen, T. (2002) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.1040 · Cited by 1,599
n-3 fatty acids and serum lipoproteins: human studies
Harris, W. (1997) · The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1093/ajcn/65.5.1645s · Cited by 1,243
Flaxseed as a functional food source
Oomah, B. D. (2001) · Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture · doi:10.1002/jsfa.898 · Cited by 594
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 201–264 of 264
Encapsulation of Omega-3-rich Oil and Anti-anxiolytic Properties of Flax Seed Oil
Shivanna, N., & Khanum, F. (2013) · Cited by 1
Farahpour, M. R. (2014) · Cited by 1
Diety roślinne w kontekście chorób układu sercowo-naczyniowego
Parol, D., & Mamcarz, A. (2015) · Folia Cardiologica · doi:10.5603/fc.2015.0019 · Cited by 2
Ibrahim, S., El-Nomeary, Y. A., Salman, F., & Bakry, B. A. (2021) · Egyptian Journal of Nutrition and Feeds · doi:10.21608/ejnf.2021.170315 · Cited by 1
“The decreased value of triglycerides probably due to the high soluble mucilage fibre lignin content of FS (about 28% by weight) may have yielded the reduction attenuated cholesterol values (Pan et al., 2009).”
BackgroundAntidiabetic properties of Linum usitatissimum L. seed: A promising medicinal plant
Sarfraz, H., & Ahmad, I. Z. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-95719-9.00019-7 · Cited by 1
Kour, H., Anitha, C., Ghatnatti, V., Patil, S., & Kadeangadi, D. M. (2024) · Journal of Natural Remedies · doi:10.18311/jnr/2024/36489 · Cited by 1
Protective Effect of Flax Seed on Brain Teratogenicity Induced by Lamotrigine in Rat Fetuses
Kamali, M., Johari, H., & Hami, J. (2020) · Folia Medica · doi:10.3897/folmed.62.e46759 · Cited by 1
Cox, S., Garcia, K., & Carlson, C. (2022) · Food and health · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-93240-4_10 · Cited by 1
RETIRED: Managing Menopause Chapter 9 Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM)
(2014) · Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada · doi:10.1016/s1701-2163(15)30465-5 · Cited by 1
RetractedPharmacological Properties and Health Benefits of Flaxseed: A Review
(2021) · Current Science International · doi:10.36632/csi/2021.10.1.2 · Cited by 1
Flax seeds produced in the brazilian midwest: chemical and physical quality
Garcia, L. C., Xavier, J. C., Seixas, F. R. F., Schoeninger, V., Cardoso, C. A. L., & Carducci, C. E. (2020) · Brazilian Journal of Food Research · doi:10.3895/rebrapa.v11n3.14568 · Cited by 1
motlagh, H. A., Aalipanah, E., Mazidi, M., & Faghih, S. (2021) · doi:10.22541/au.162045943.35168913/v1 · Cited by 1
The Ideal Eight-Step Urologic Diet and Lifestyle Program: Heart Health = Urologic Health
Moyad, M. A. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-8492-9_1
Masters, M. A. (2010) · Lincoln (University of Nebraska)
Can alternative medicine do better than placebo?: Does it even matter?
Moyad, M. A. (2013) · Canadian Urological Association Journal · doi:10.5489/cuaj.776
Herbal remedies and its effects: An ultimate overview -
Modi, C. M., Mody, S. K., & Patel, H. B. (2012) · Southeast Asian Journal of Case Report and Review
Hypolipidemic Dietary Components
Madan, J., & Narsaria, A. (2013) · Current Research in Nutrition and Food Science Journal · doi:10.12944/crnfsj.1.1.06
BIOLOGIC ACTIVE COMPOUNDS IN NATURAL FOOD SUPPLEMENTS WITH HYPOLIPEMIANT PROPERTIES
Rizea, G. D., Ionescu, D., Mihele, D., Manea, Ş., & Setnic, S. (2013) · Bulletin of the Transilvania University of Brasov Series II Forestry • Wood Industry • Agricultural Food Engineering
Nutriceuticals in Sexual Health
Moyad, M. A. (2011) · Humana Press eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-60761-916-1_39
Moraes, É. A., Julia, C., Carraro, C., Dantas, M. I. D. S., Maria, N., Costa, B. L. D., Machado, S. S., Ribeiro, R., Martino, H. S. D., & Martino, D. (2010)
Freitas, J. B., Souza, J. C. M., Velloso, L. A., Simão, R. A. S., Fernandes, D. C., Alves, A. M., & Naves, M. M. V. (2015) · Vértices · doi:10.19180/1809-2667.v17n315-05
Faculté des Sciences de la Nature et de la Vie et des Sciences de la Terre et de l'Univers
Agroforesterie, D. (2011)
FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF DATES AND FLAXSEEDS INCORPORATED BARFI
Dyawarishetty, S. V., & Sengupta, R. (2014)
Elkon, I. (2015) · ResearchWorks at the University of Washington (University of Washington)
Evaluation of fat production consumption by training amateurs
Mierzwa, G., & Knapik, K. (2016) · Medical and Biological Sciences · doi:10.12775/mbs.2016.022
“It decreases cholesterol and lipoprotein (LDL) concentration [35].”
BackgroundDietary patterns for healthier cognitive ageing
Berendsen, A. A. M. (2017) · doi:10.18174/417204
Cancer, Heart Diseases and Common Risk Factors: Diet and Physical Activity
Tralongo, P., Lestuzzi, C., & Furlanello, F. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-40236-9_3 · Cited by 1
Cecchini, M. E., Roma, D. A., Magnago, F., Vilchez, M. L., Varea, M. C., Torreta, M. E., Aiassa, D., & Mañas, F. (2018) · American Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences · doi:10.3844/ajavsp.2018.51.58
“5 weeks, indicates that supplementation with flaxseed produces a decrease of total cholesterol and plasma LDL levels; however, it does not substantially affect triacylglycerols concentration in blood (Pan et al., 2009).”
BackgroundInfluentialMit Pflanzenstoffen gegen erhöhtes Cholesterin
Schmiedel, V. (2018) · Zeitschrift für Komplementärmedizin · doi:10.1055/a-0718-7196
The anti-fungal effect of flax seed on oral candidiasis: comparative in-vitro study
Al-Ahmad, B. E. M., Subramaniam, P. K., Mustafa, N. S., Kashmola, M. A. H., & Qaralleh, H. (2018)
Edwards, S. E., Rocha, I. D. C., Williamson, E. M., & Heinrich, M. (2015) · doi:10.1002/9781118543436.ch68
Modulation of myocardial injury by dietary flaxseed
Parikh, M. (2020) · Mspace (University of Manitoba)
علي, م., المجيد, ا. ع., & عطوة, ي. (2015) · Mağallaẗ Al-Iqtiṣād Al-Manzilī - Ǧāmiʿaẗ Al-Munūfiyyaẗ · doi:10.21608/mkas.2015.173899
Shakeri, N., Entezari, M., & Abbasi, B. (2021) · Iranian Journal of Nutrition Sciences & Food Technology · doi:10.52547/nsft.16.1.1
Population-Based Nutrition Epidemiology
Panagiotakos, D. B. (2021) · MDPI eBooks · doi:10.3390/books978-3-0365-0019-5
Pchyolina, E. A., & Vikhrova, M. A. (2021) · IOP Conference Series Earth and Environmental Science · doi:10.1088/1755-1315/852/1/012081
“Their positive effect on cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, metabolic syndrome is known [11].”
BackgroundGolub, A. A., Чемикосова, Т. С., & Гуляева, О. (2012) · The actual problems in dentistry
BPH/LUTS: Heart Healthy = Prostate Healthy
Moyad, M. A. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-8492-9_2
НАСІННЯ ЛЬОНУ (LINUM USITATISSIMUM L.) ЯК ЦІННИЙ ХАРЧОВИЙ РЕСУРС
Верещагін, І. В., Кандиба, Н. М., Сташко, М. Р., & Недогибченко, А. С. (2022) · Bulletin of Sumy National Agrarian University The series Agronomy and Biology · doi:10.32845/agrobio.2021.3.3
Chapitre 9 : Médecine complémentaire et parallèle
Author, N. (2019) · Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Canada · doi:10.1016/j.jogc.2019.02.148
Vidal, G. D. C. (2020) · Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas (UPC) · doi:10.19083/tesis/653506
Underbakke, G. L., & McBride, P. E. (2012) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-1-4377-1793-8.00039-x
علي, م., المجيد, ا. ع., & عطوه, ي. (2016) · Mağallaẗ Al-Iqtiṣād Al-Manzilī - Ǧāmiʿaẗ Al-Munūfiyyaẗ · doi:10.21608/mkas.2016.167334
VIABILIDADE ECONÔMICA PARA A PRODUÇÃO DE LINHAÇA MARROM
Anis, C. F., Ferreira, R. C., Xavier, J. C., & Carducci, C. E. (2022) · RECIMA21 - Revista Científica Multidisciplinar · doi:10.47820/recima21.v3i9.1899
Phytotherapeutic Potential of Super Seeds: An Overview
Jain, D., Kohli, T., & Chauhan, S. (2023) · Acta Scientifci Nutritional Health · doi:10.31080/asnh.2023.07.1222
Spice Foods effects on Body Weight Reductions between Obese Animal Models
Khalil, N. A., Elmenshawy, R. R., Soliman, A. S., Naguib, Y. M., & Abbas, M. S. (2023) · Journal Of Advanced Zoology · doi:10.17762/jaz.v44is6.2180
“Additionally, [28] suggested that feeding piperine for 8 weeks decreased insulin resistance and LDL-C level in overweight adults while [29] demonstrate that piperonal significantly attenuated HFD-induced body weight.”
BackgroundPourrajab, B., Soltani, S., & Shidfar, F. (2024) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4866527
Botanical and Nonbotanical Products for Glucose Lowering
(2021) · American Diabetes Association eBooks · doi:10.2337/9781580407687.ch01
Weerakkody, N., & Cheema, S. K. (2024) · Advances in biochemistry in health and disease · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-75686-3_21
Application of Linseed in Food and Its Health Benefits
Chauhan, K., Soni, R., Agarwal, A., Sanglekar, D., & Shah, V. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-96-8927-9_3
Yang, C., Xia, H., Wan, M., Lu, Y., Xu, D., Yang, X., Yang, L., & Sun, G. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.16786917
Yang, C., Xia, H., Wan, M., Lu, Y., Xu, D., Yang, X., Yang, L., & Sun, G. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.16786932
Yang, C., Xia, H., Wan, M., Lu, Y., Xu, D., Yang, X., Yang, L., & Sun, G. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.16786920
Yang, C., Xia, H., Wan, M., Lu, Y., Xu, D., Yang, X., Yang, L., & Sun, G. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.16786926
Yang, C., Xia, H., Wan, M., Lu, Y., Xu, D., Yang, X., Yang, L., & Sun, G. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.16786929
Yang, C., Xia, H., Wan, M., Lu, Y., Xu, D., Yang, X., Yang, L., & Sun, G. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.16786923
Wanitschek, A. (2026) · Heilpflanzen · doi:10.1055/a-2728-0625
Ebrahimi, Z., Pourrajab, B., Shojaeian, Z., & Gholizadeh, M. (2026) · Mediterranean Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism · doi:10.1177/1973798x261437685
Mechanisms of biological effects of flaxseed components on human health
Zharkova, I., Kiselev, A. R., & Efremov, D. P. (2026) · Studies in natural products chemistry · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-51072-4.00015-6
Chemali, R., & Grech, G. (2026) · Advances in predictive, preventive and personalised medicine · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-32838-0_7
Metadata
- Authors
- Pan, A., Yu, D., Demark-Wahnefried, W., Franco, O. H., & Lin, X.
- Affiliations
- Unilever (United Kingdom) (GB)
- Venue
- The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2009-08
- Volume
- 90
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 288-297
- ISSN
- 0002-9165 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3361740
- OpenAlex
- W2117685492
- Cited by
- 264
- References
- 59
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 27 · 2020: 29 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 23 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 9
- FWCI
- 2.02
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Cancer Institute (R01CA085740)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Lipoproteins and Cardiovascular Health
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Fatty Acid Research and Health
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Pharmacology › Natural Products and Biological Research
- Keywords
- flaxseed, linseed oil, lignans, serum lipids, LDL cholesterol, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, cholesterol-lowering effect, sex differences, postmenopausal women, cardiovascular disease prevention, dietary supplements
- MeSH terms
- Anticholesteremic Agents, Cardiovascular Diseases, Cholesterol, Female, Humans, Hypercholesterolemia, Linseed Oil, Cholesterol, HDL, Cholesterol, LDL, Male, Seeds, Triglycerides, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Treatment Outcome, Lignans, Flax, Lipid Metabolism
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
