Breast-milk iodine concentration declines over the first 6 mo postpartum in iodine-deficient women
Open accessAbstract
Background Little is known about the iodine status of lactating mothers and their infants during the first 6 mo postpartum or, if deficient, the amount of supplemental iodine required to improve status.Objective The objective was to determine maternal and infant iodine status and the breast-milk iodine concentration (BMIC) over the first 6 mo of breastfeeding.Design A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled supplementation trial was conducted in lactating women who received placebo (n = 56), 75 μg I/d (n = 27), or 150 μg I/d (n = 26) after their infants' birth until 24 wk postpartum. Maternal and infant urine samples and breast-milk samples were collected at 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, and 24 wk. Maternal serum thyrotropin and free thyroxine concentrations were measured at 24 wk.Results Over 24 wk, the median urinary iodine concentration (UIC) of unsupplemented women and their infants ranged from 20 to 41 μg/L and 34 to 49 μg/L, respectively, which indicated iodine deficiency (ie, UIC < 100 μg/L). Mean maternal UIC was 2.1-2.4 times higher in supplemented than in unsupplemented women (P < 0.001) but did not differ significantly between the 2 supplemented groups. BMIC in the placebo group decreased by 40% over 24 wk (P < 0.001) and was 1.3 times and 1.7 times higher in women supplemented with 75 μg I/d (P = 0.030) and 150 μg I/d (P < 0.001), respectively, than in unsupplemented women. Thyrotropin and free thyroxine did not differ significantly between groups.Conclusion BMIC decreased in the first 6 mo in these iodine-deficient lactating women; supplementation with 75 or 150 μg I/d increased the BMIC but was insufficient to ensure adequate iodine status in women or their infants. The study was registered with the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry as ACTRN12605000345684.
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The available data suggest that, even in industrialized countries, some infants who are breastfed may not be receiving optimal amounts of certain micronutrients, as the levels found in breastmilk, maternal serum or urine did not always reach recommended levels in all women.
“The available data suggest that, even in industrialized countries, some infants who are breastfed may not be receiving optimal amounts of certain micronutrients, as the levels found in breastmilk, maternal serum or urine did not always reach recommended levels in all women [73,85,86,87,88,89,90,91,92,93,94,95].”
From Immune function and micronutrient requirements change over the life course (2018) · cites this paper as [92]
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- Authors
- Mulrine, H. M., Skeaff, S. A., Ferguson, E. L., Gray, A. R., & Valeix, P.
- Affiliations
- University of Otago (NZ)
- Inserm (FR)
- Corresponding author
- Skeaff, Sheila A
- Venue
- The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2010-10
- Volume
- 92
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 849-856
- ISSN
- 0002-9165 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2145459373
- Cited by
- 93
- References
- 31
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 4.34
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- American Journal of Clinical Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Thyroid Disorders and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Breastfeeding Practices and Influences
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Infant Nutrition and Health
- Keywords
- iodine deficiency, lactation, postpartum period, iodine supplementation, urinary iodine, maternal iodine status, thyroid-stimulating hormone, free thyroxine, breastfeeding
- MeSH terms
- Double-Blind Method, Educational Status, Female, Humans, Income, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Iodine, Lactation, Milk, Human, New Zealand, Dietary Supplements, Postpartum Period
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