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Cited by 127Thyroid Disorders and TreatmentsThyroid Cancer Diagnosis and TreatmentChemical Analysis and Environmental Impact

The Changing Epidemiology of Iodine Deficiency

Li, Mu, Eastman, Creswell J.·2012·Nature Reviews Endocrinology
DOI 10.1038/nrendo.2012.43
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Abstract

Globally, about 2 thousand million people are affected by iodine deficiency. Although endemic goitre is the most visible sign of iodine deficiency, its most devastating consequence is brain damage causing mental retardation in children. The relationship between iodine deficiency and brain damage was not clearly established until the 1980s when the term iodine deficiency disorders (IDDs), which encompass a spectrum of conditions caused by iodine deficiency, was introduced. This paradigm shift in the understanding of the clinical consequences of iodine deficiency led to a change in iodine deficiency assessment. The median urinary iodine excretion level has been recommended as the preferred indicator for monitoring population iodine deficiency status since 2001. The 2007 WHO urinary iodine data in schoolchildren from 130 countries revealed that iodine intake is still insufficient in 47 countries. Furthermore, about one-third of countries lack national estimates of the prevalence of iodine deficiency. The picture that has emerged from available data worldwide over the past two decades is that IDDs are not confined to remote, mountainous areas in developing countries, but are a global public health problem that affects most countries, including developed countries and island nations. The recognition of the universality of iodine deficiency highlights the need to develop and apply new strategies to establish and maintain sustainable IDD elimination and strengthen regular monitoring programmes.

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  • Inadequate iodine intake can lead to goiter, reduction in thyroid hormone levels, damage to the brain's central nervous system; in children, intellectual disability and slow reaction.

    “Inadequate iodine intake can lead to goiter, which is an enlargement of the neck, along with a reduction in thyroid hormone levels, which can damage the brain’s central nervous system. For children, it will lead to intellectual disability and slow reaction, affecting normal growth and development [74].”

    From Current Status and Future Trends in Removal, Control, and Mitigation of Algae Food Safety Risks for Human Consumption (2022) · cites this paper as [74]

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Authors
Li, M., & Eastman, C. J.
Affiliations
  • The University of Sydney (AU)
  • Westmead Hospital (AU)
Corresponding author
Li, Mu
ORCID
Venue
Nature Reviews Endocrinology
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2012-04-03
Volume
8
Issue
7
Pages
434-440
ISSN
  • 1759-5029 (ISSN-L)
  • 1759-5037
DOI
10.1038/nrendo.2012.43
OpenAlex
W2056086636
Cited by
127
References
88
Citations by year
2026: 3 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 2
FWCI
1.28
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed
Licence
www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations
  • Nature Reviews Endocrinology (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Thyroid Disorders and Treatments
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Thyroid Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Chemical Analysis and Environmental Impact
Keywords
iodine deficiency, iodine deficiency disorders, endemic goiter, iodine intake, intellectual disability, brain damage, global prevalence, island nations, developed countries
MeSH terms
Developing Countries, Female, Humans, Iodine, Male, Thyroid Diseases, Global Health

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