Maternal Choline Status, but Not Fetal Genotype, Influences Cord Plasma Choline Metabolite Concentrations
Open accessAbstract
Background Choline deficiency during pregnancy can lead to adverse birth outcomes, including impaired neurodevelopment and birth defects. Genetic variants of choline and one-carbon metabolism may also influence birth outcomes by altering plasma choline concentrations. The effects of maternal ad libitum choline intake during pregnancy and fetal genetic variants on maternal and cord concentrations of choline and its metabolites are unknown.Objectives This prospective study sought to assess the effect of 1) maternal dietary choline intake on maternal and cord plasma concentrations of choline and its metabolites, and 2) fetal genetic polymorphisms on cord plasma concentrations.Methods The dietary choline intake of 368 pregnant Canadian women was assessed in early (0-16 wk) and late (23-37 wk) pregnancy with the use of a food frequency questionnaire. Plasma concentrations of free choline and its metabolites were measured in maternal samples at recruitment and delivery, and in the cord blood. Ten fetal genetic variants in choline and one-carbon metabolism were assessed for their association with cord plasma concentrations of free choline and its metabolites.Results Mean maternal plasma free choline, dimethylglycine, and trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) concentrations increased during pregnancy by 49%, 17%, and 13%, respectively (P < 0.005), whereas betaine concentrations decreased by 21% (P < 0.005). Cord plasma concentrations of free choline, betaine, dimethylglycine, and TMAO were 3.2, 2.0, 1.3, and 0.88 times corresponding maternal concentrations at delivery, respectively (all P < 0.005). Maternal plasma concentrations of betaine, dimethylglycine, and TMAO (r(2) = 0.19-0.51; P < 0.0001) at delivery were moderately strong, whereas maternal concentrations of free choline were not significant (r(2) = 0.12; P = 0.06), predictors of cord plasma concentrations of these metabolites. Neither maternal dietary intake nor fetal genetic variants predicted maternal or cord plasma concentrations of choline and its metabolites.Conclusion These data collectively indicate that maternal choline status, but not fetal genotype, influences cord plasma concentrations of choline metabolites. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02244684.
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One study reported TMAO levels may increase during pregnancy.
“It is thus interesting that one study reported TMAO levels may increase during pregnancy144.”
From Gut microbiota and cardiovascular disease. (2020) · cites this paper as [144]
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- Authors
- Visentin, C. E., Masih, S., Plumptre, L., Malysheva, O., Nielsen, D. E., Sohn, K.-J., Ly, A., Lausman, A. Y., Berger, H., Croxford, R., El-Sohemy, A., Caudill, M. A., O’Connor, D. L., & Kim, Y.-I.
- Affiliations
- St. Michael's Hospital (CA)
- Cornell University (US)
- University of Toronto (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Kim, Young-In
- ORCID
- Venue
- The Journal of Nutrition
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2015-07
- Volume
- 145
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 1491-1497
- ISSN
- 0022-3166 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2112314807
- Cited by
- 44
- References
- 39
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 2
- FWCI
- 3.92
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Canadian Institutes of Health Research (10646)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Rheumatology › Folate and B Vitamins Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Clinical Biochemistry › Metabolism and Genetic Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Birth, Development, and Health
- Keywords
- dietary choline, choline metabolites, umbilical cord blood, betaine, dimethylglycine, trimethylamine N-oxide, free choline, one-carbon metabolism, pregnancy, maternal plasma, fetal programming, birth outcomes, brain development, congenital malformations, maternal nutrition, food frequency questionnaire
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Betaine, Canada, Choline, Female, Fetal Blood, Fetus, Genotype, Humans, Methylamines, Middle Aged, Pregnancy, Prospective Studies, Surveys and Questionnaires, Sarcosine, Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide, Maternal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena, Young Adult, Healthy Volunteers
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